. The class should discuss audience and the importance of identifying the audience for speeches, since they occur in particular moments in time and are delivered to specific audiences. This fact is confirmed by recent studies: One finding of cognitive science is that words have the most powerful effect on our minds when they are simple. From a stylistic point of view, this corpus is homogenous, corresponding to an oral communication form, extracted from a short period of time, and with the same main objectives (convincing the people, answering questions, presenting their ideas and solutions). Too often, however, the spoken word is left unanalyzed, even though the spoken word has the potential to alter our space just as much than the written. Listeners should keep in mind the context of the situation involving the delivery and the audience-but a keen observer should also pay close attention to the elements of argument within the text. In this figure, the longest distance (0.510) connects Paul and OMalley, and the second longest distance (0.496) links Trump to OMalley. The difference between these two candidates is characteristic, with OMalley more oriented toward an explanation requiring usually more nouns while Trump turns toward the action and its high usage of verbs. Times of crisis in America can be defining moments in a political career and many have had the opportunity to change the national climate with their words and mastery of rhetorical . You will first choose the speech you will analyze for the final speech. Which sentence from Roosevelt's request for a declaration of war is an example of a bandwagon appeal? As the English language has a relatively simple morphology, working on inflected forms (e.g. Yesterday, December 7, 1941a date which will live in infamythe United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan. Can one be more precise than the simple sequence of isolated words such as balanced, budget, we (Kasich) or IRS, tax (Cruz)? D) A quick judgment is made without the use of evidence. And that has had great benefit for him because he's allowed to, you know, increase the distrust between his followers and the mainstream media. C) Loaded language is used to appeal to emotions. When a question is discussed, the choice of the word can make the difference. Patrick Henry and "Give Me Liberty!" - Lesson Plan - America in Class Similar themes appear under several candidates with different terminology such as caliphate (Bush), Islamic (Cruz), ISIL (OMalley). The total number of lemmas in part P0 (or its length) is denoted n0, similarly with P1 and n1, and the length of the entire corpus is defined by n = n0 + n1. State the type of speech being analyzed and where it took place. _ :J~c%|l2\V-11fa[bOG;^Ba) QUnw(?HnKx6x. Listeners should keep in mind the context of the situation involving the delivery and the audience-but a keen observer should also pay close attention to the elements of argument within the text. Provide a copy of the. analyze a speech for rhetorical devices and their purpose. Rhetorical Analysis: Compare and Contrast Four Speeches on Civil Rights Common Core Standards Purpose: The following four speeches explore the tensions found within the American ideals of individual liberty and universal equality. Differentiations between political parties can however be observed as, for example, studies based on tweets (Sylwester and Purver, 2015). In the following sentences, one can also see two topics, usually more related to the Democrats, namely education, and health care reform. 3.3 Understanding the Writing Assignment; 3.4 Creating the Thesis; 3.5 Revising Your Draft(s) . Work with students to identify warrants, claims, and appeals. More often however, such displays correspond to scatterplots, principal component analysis views, or correspondence analysis figures (Lebart et al., 1998; Greenacre, 2017). For example, G. W. Bush used more frequently the pronoun I, positive emotion words (e.g. 1 is present in the elaboration of Fig. Rhetorical Analysis Of Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address Reagan achieves this by using parallelism, great diction choices, and . Such a selection strategy produces a low recall because many tweets about Obamas administration are not considered). Me and the Congress?). Based on this definition, one can read some examples of the most specific sentences per candidate. The intensity of his ego can also be revealed by the fact that the most specific term in his dialogue is also the pronoun I (see Table 6). Read the excerpt from Franklin Roosevelt's request for a declaration of war. From this h-point, one can assume that types appearing before the hth rank are function words while those occurring after correspond to lexical or topical words (the very vocabulary). Note. Looking back to Table 6, one can see that the terms Ohio, balanced, budget, and we and the first four most specific words describing Kasichs utterances. The remaining variations can be largely explained by the speaker. May 2018. This is a good time to discuss the Rhetorical Triangle (Aristotelian Triad) or discuss a chapter on audience from an argumentative textbook. Just after the announcement of his candidacy for President (16 June 2015), his candidacy was mainly viewed as marginal, without pertinent interest, and without a real future. A Rhetorical Criticism and Analysis of President Ronald Reagan's Inaugural Address: Applying the Burkeian Dramatistic Pentad Approach Marzuki Jamil Baki bin Haji Mohamed Johar Bachik Eastern Illinois University This research is a product of the graduate program inSpeech Communicationat Eastern Illinois University. In this figure, the distance between two candidates is indicated by the lengths of the lines connecting them. The questions that you can use to examine a text's rhetorical situation are in Chapter 6.2. This sentence was selected through the over-used words I, not, deal (see Table 6), as well as bad, do, have, and just. Traditionally, teachers have encouraged students to engage with and interpret literaturenovels, poems, short stories, and plays. Wiley is a global provider of content and content-enabled workflow solutions in areas of scientific, technical, medical, and scholarly research; professional development; and education. Speech Analysis: Elements, Steps & Examples - Study.com Comparing and contrasting procedures for text clustering, Italian Journal of Applied Linguistics - Statistica Applicata, Affective news: the automated coding of sentiment in political texts, Classifying party affiliation from political speech, Journal of Information Technology & Politics, Language and gender in congressional speech, The Author 2017. Set up students inheterogeneousgroups of four. identify elements of argument within a speech. 1, only the functional words (409 entries) have been used to reflect the style of each candidate. This aspect could be related to her first years at the White House as an overqualified First Lady who wanted to play a principal role in politics (e.g. Using graphical views to represent results of stylistic analysis is not new in quantitative linguistics studies. Given a sentence as input, this system is able to add the corresponding POS tag to each token. A text is, however, a composite item in which one finds both the style with its lexical, syntactical, or discourse factors, and the recurrent words belonging to the topics. h-point and most frequently used thematic words per candidate. the Congress) and these studies are mainly grounded on the written form. xksg#N=f%qI>P$EHF& 1E]~O6m6lzf~?|\N?xX-O?m6jF/:'g gMN7~-_/NLf/_4Y!'Y#;rlS?5/~|lxR:M` However, the binomial formulation is easier to use and gives a good approximation. Who is Reagan's intended audience for this part of his speech? Therefore, the two forms of communication must be analyzed separately. The verb phrase is used most frequently by Trump with the largest percentage of verbs and adverbs and the lowest frequencies of nous, determiners, and prepositions. MERCIECA: Yeah, he's absolutely used the fire hose of propaganda model. Students adjust their use of spoken, written, and visual language (e.g., conventions, style, vocabulary) to communicate effectively with a variety of audiences and for different purposes. Donald Trump's rhetoric has elicited comparisons to former Alabama governor George Wallace. the relative frequency of different pronouns, positive emotions) and using a set of composite indices reflecting the cognitive complexity, presidentially, or honesty of each candidate. The two closest candidates are Clinton and Sanders (0.346), while the second shortest distance (0.360) joins Trump with Kasich. The specific sentences extracted from Sanders answers explain clearly his positions with respect to Wall Street, some of the large companies, or on education. 1. High values indicate the presence of a rich vocabulary showing that the underlying text exposes many different topics or that the author tends to present a theme from several angles with different formulations. The top ten most specific terms per candidate. Bushs speech to children in 1991, and Ronald Reagans speech to children in 1988. Bligh M., Merolla J., Schroedel J. R., Gonzalez R. Hewings A., Painter C., Polias J., Dare B., Rhys M. Marcus M. P., Santorini B., Marcinkiewicz M. A. OConnor B., Balasubramanyan R., Routledge B. R., Smith N. A. Slatcher R. B., Chung C. K., Pennebaker J. W., Stone L. D. Toutanova K., Klein D., Manning C., Singer Y. Wilson T., Hoffmann P., Somasundaran S., Kessler J., Wiebe J., Choi Y., Cardie C., Riloff E., Patwardhan S. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. In this table, the personal pronouns are depicted in bold. Using the transcripts of the TV debates, the LD values vary from 36.6% (Trump) to 44.6% (Cruz). As shown in Table 1, Paul and OMalley correspond to the smallest values, both being present for a relatively short period of time during this electoral campaign. This computation technique has been adopted. his goal of persuading steel companies to lower their prices back down was successful due to his rhetorical strategy. Our first analysis considers the most frequent lemmas occurring in the oral interventions of the candidates during the TV debates of the primaries. 6.4 Rhetorical Appeals: Logos, Pathos, and Ethos Defined To have a better overall measurement of the topical concentration of a text, The intertextual distance between Text A and Text B is computed according to, This formulation assumes that both texts have the same length (, Vote for me. Entering History: Nikki Giovanni and Martin Luther King, Jr. Freedom of Speech and Automatic Language: Examining the Pledge of Allegiance, Giving Voice to Students Through "This I Believe" Podcasts, For Argument's Sake: Playing "Devil's Advocate" with Nonfiction Texts, And in Conclusion: Inquiring into Strategies for Writing Effective Conclusions, Developing Evidence-Based Arguments from Texts. Elizabeth uses all of the appeals logos, pathos, and ethos to convince all of her listeners to fight for her from the loyal follower to the greedy mercenary. They then draft two conclusions for their essay, select one, and reflect on what they have learned through the process. Be sure that your students are familiar with rhetorical strategies, literary devices, SOAPS, tone, diction, etc. The third section presents briefly some statistics about our corpus. For example, from the sentence But I also know this problem is not going away, the POS tagger returns But/cc I/prp also/rb know/vbp this/dt problem/nn is/vbz not/rb going/vbg away/rb ./.. This investigation results in the presence of three distinct groups of candidates, the first one with the Democrats (Clinton, OMalley, and Sanders), the second with three Republicans (Bush, Cruz, Rubio), and the last with the duo Trump and Kasich, with, at a small distance, Paul. President Lincoln was a skilled statesman, orator, and . With Trump and Clinton, one can find also relatively high PTC values compared to the other candidates. For a given term ti, its absolute frequency in P0 is given by tfi0, and in P1 by tfi1. Clinton appears with the largest number of tokens, followed by Sanders, Trump, Rubio, and Cruz. No general theory specifies precisely the k value, but a value from 200 to 500 represents a pertinent choice justified by various studies (Savoy, 2015b). To build Fig. 10 Commonly Used Rhetorical Strategies (With Examples) This research was supported, in part, by the NSF under Grant #200021_149665/1. Jennifer Mercieca studies American political rhetoric at Texas A&M University, and she's the author of "Demagogue For President: The Rhetorical Genius Of Donald Trump.". Moreover, the temporal period of the documents constitutes an important factor explaining the variations between presidents or prime ministers. Political texts have been the subject of various studies discussing different aspects of them. What is the impact of the loaded language in this paragraph? Antanagoge. In this lesson plan, students consider the rhetorical devices in the address JFK delivered on January 20, 1961. A text or a dialogue with a high percentage of BW tends to be more complex to understand. Rhetorical Analysis Of Prince Earl Spencer's Eulogy For Diana Former governors tend to use more frequently the we than the I (e.g. As previously with Trump, the first person singular pronoun is clearly over-used (I, me). Bush, Kasich) with OMalley having a very distinctive style in this point of view. He supports his claim by using massive amounts of parallel structure and strong word choice. The rhetorical brilliance of Trump the demagogue - The Conversation These personality measurements were in agreement with different opinion polls. Moreover, Cruzs explanations tend to include more names (see Table 4), and many of them (IRS, Maria, Obamacare, Donald, Carter, Biden, ) occur in these examples. The students will discuss their speeches and their research thus far. Using the maximum likelihood principle, this probability is estimated as p(ti) = (tfi0 + tfi1)/n. family, man, person, etc.). How President Trump's Rhetoric Has Affected U.S. Politics Finally, her email case and FBI investigations were a real concern for her image in the public, especially during the general election campaign. endobj And what I mean by that is he took advantage of preexisting distrust and polarization and frustration, and he used rhetorical strategies that were designed to make all of those things worse. Refer to recent elections, if possible, and/or bring in flyers and/or brochures. But I watch you a lot. The US 'war on terror', 20 years after 'mission accomplished' That is what Barack Obama, the president of the United States, tries to do in his speech "Back to School " delivered at Wakefield High School in Arlington, Virginia, on September 8, 2009. As depicted in Figs 1 and 2, Cruz represents a distinctive fraction of the Republican party. The analysis will use the oral communication form, a more direct and spontaneous way of interacting, reflecting more closely the personal style of each candidate. Using the Diction system, Bligh et al. (2015) have proposed an h-point to measure the thematic concentration of a text. Students learn how to play "devil's advocate" by evaluating sports reforms, reading an engaging non-fiction article, and participating in a town hall meeting in which they represent the interests of various stakeholders to generate debate and develop critical thinking skills. Rhetorical Analysis: Compare and Contrast Four Speeches on Civil Rights Due to space limitations, not all possible candidates have been retained. A large negative Z score (less than -) indicates than the corresponding term is significantly under-used in P0. Assignment Analysis - Excelsior OWL You saw people over the last few weeks planning an insurrection and, in fact, invading the Capitol and then later saying, I'm here because my president told me to be. This is a good date to look at famous speeches and what they include and why. Although a thorough understanding of effective oral, written, and visual communication can take years of study, the foundation of effective communication begins with rhetoric. Those Z score values can verify whether the underlying lemma is used proportionally with roughly the same frequency in both parts (Z score value close to 0). Check your understanding of various theories on the nature of intelligence by matching the names of their originators with the brief descriptions of the given theory's main theme. A presidential electoral process can be positioned around one person or around a few issues (or programs). %PDF-1.5 More precisely, this study has focused on the oral communication form using different TV debates in both political parties, a form less observed in previous studies. From a lexical perspective, one can see the over-used term budget, usually more frequently used in governmental speeches than in the electoral ones. Included on this site is audio of famous speeches of the 20th century, as well as information about the speeches and background information on the writers. The candidates who stayed longer in this campaign have a clear preference for the I over the we. Read the first three paragraphs of Franklin Roosevelt's request for a declaration of war. The results indicated the prominent role of logos in presidential speeches as the most frequent strategy. happy, truly, win), and the future tense. Hillary appears more feminine than the other candidates, using more I than we, and showing a higher frequency in the category Human interest (e.g. Pataki (R), Jindal (R), Lessig (D)) or just appear in one (e.g. One of the elements of doing a rhetorical analysis is looking at a text's rhetorical situation. The analysis of the most frequent terms reveals some important themes of the 2016 primary election. Analyzing Historical Presidential Inaugural Addresses | C-SPAN Classroom The h-point is defined as the point where the frequency is equal to the rank. Barack Obama Inaugural Address: Analysis Introduction. This estimator has the drawback of being instable, tending to decrease with text length (Baayen, 2008). The style of the written messages (evident in prepared statements by the candidates) differs from the oral dialogue (Biber et al., 2002). Presidential rhetoric in times of crisis: A textual analysis of For all candidates, except for Cruz or Paul, the term people appears in the top four most frequent topical words. His image was centered around his verbosity, egocentricity, and pomposity. With Obama, the MSL decreases to 18.5 tokens/sentence. For the modern American president, the ability to be an effective public speaker can make all the difference in terms of the perception of the intelligence of any given commander-in-chief of the most powerful nation on earth. The thesis statement should answer the following question: What makes this speech an effective argument and worthy of making this list? Students apply a wide range of strategies to comprehend, interpret, evaluate, and appreciate texts. Founded in 1807, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. has been a valued source of information and understanding for more than 200 years, helping people around the world meet their needs and fulfill their aspirations. Consider posing questions such as. X American historians and educators. More generally, Fig. To distinguish between these two main components, the first map will use the stylistic aspects while the second will take into account the topical elements. Based on this perspective, the longest distance (0.251) connects Trump and OMalley, and the second longest (0.181) links Paul to OMalley. Remind students that the writer of the speech is sometimes not the person who delivered the speech, for example, and this will surprise some students. The underlying hypothesis is to assume that the words serve as guides to the way the author thinks, acts, or feels. Dont vote for the other one, Analysis Linguistic Data: A Practical Introduction to Statistics using R, Longman Student Grammar of Spoken and Written English, Finding her voice: Hillary Clinton Rhetoric in the 2008 presidential campaign, Presidential Campaigns. 5. 5. As an interesting first case, one can analyze the most characteristic sentence from Kasichs comments, which is the following: I have balanced budgets, the federal budget, the state of Ohio budget, we're running a 2 billion dollar surplus, were up 400,000 jobs, and in Washington we were able to have significant job growth whenever we balanced the budget of which I was the architect. (J. Kasich, 6 February 2016). Which best describes the type of appeal used in this part of the speech? It's through this lesson that students are allowed to see how politicians and leaders manipulate and influence their audiences using specific rhetorical devices in a manner that's so effective that the speeches are revered even today. Speeches are special kinds of arguments and should be analyzed as such. If time permits, discuss how politicians and speech writers employ rhetorical strategies to influence the opinions of their audience members. They need to understand the climate, but they do not need to be complete experts on the historical details in order to understand the elements of the speech. 2, the intertextual distance is computed according to topical words, and no word used to draw Fig. Rhetorical Devices In Obama's Speech - 908 Words | Bartleby we, us, ours, or wars, war) or lemmas (dictionary entries such as we or war from the previous example) often lead to similar conclusions. The fourth describes and applies different measurements and methods to define and compare the rhetoric and style of the different candidates. Students write and record their own essays for a class blog by first completing a series of activities designed to get them thinking and writing about their experiences. In this first example, the fiscal question appears with a proposition for a simple flat tax and in the second, an attack against Trump, but a religious concern appears also in the background. Teachers can choose to have students focus on one or more historical inaugurations and analyze the speeches by looking at the historical challenges facing the nation, topics discussed in the. Senators Cruz or OMalley have a more sophisticated communication style, employing longer sentences and a more complex lexicon. Rhetoric is a useful strategy to utilize in speech making. On the bottom part, one can find the Democrats, with a shorter distance between Clinton and Sanders than with OMalley. For Clinton, the term affordable must be related to the Affordable Care Act (or health insurance reform). The value of this talent is also highly desirable among employers in . Analyzing Rhetorical Strategies in Presidenti, clauses: building and refining compound and c, Clauses: Building and Refining Compound and C, Writing and Argumentative Essay about the Nob, Analyzing Rhetorical Techniques in Machiavell, ELA 10 - Analyzing a Seminal US Document (Pre, Analyzing Ideas, Structure, and Purpose in Ma, Government in America: Elections and Updates Edition, George C. Edwards III, Martin P. Wattenberg, Robert L. Lineberry, Christina Dejong, Christopher E. Smith, George F Cole, AP English Language Glossary (***Rhetorical T. Though the question may seem puzzlingtoo hard, or too simpleat first, students will eventually identify, as Aristotle did, the need for a speaker, a message, and an audience. Looking at her most specific sentences, Clinton tends to produce rather long sentences reflecting a more complex reasoning. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. Moreover, these examples demonstrate the frequent use of symploces (repetition of the same formulation, e.g. Rhetorical Analysis Of John F. Kennedy's Inauguration Speech 929 Words | 4 Pages Moreover, such analysis reveals more the style than the preferred themes. The relationship of some candidates to their origin is also represented (Ohio with Kasich, Texas for Cruz, Kentucky with Paul, Maryland for OMalley). Other intertextual measures have been chosen as, for example, the chi-square (Grieve, 2007), the Delta (Burrows, 2002), or using the Kullback-Leibler divergence (Zhao and Zobel, 2007). On 20th, January in the year 2009, he took an oath of office as the 44th president of America. This assignment requires students to look for those elements. South Dakota State University Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Rhetorical Analysis Of Justice Speech - 1951 Words | Bartleby Here the candidate wants to put forward his competence in generating balanced budgets as Governor of Ohio. Cruz adopts an opposite style, focusing more on topical forms and expressions. The maximum value per grammatical category is shown in bold, and the minimum in italics. These results present also the stylistic evolution over more than two centuries and can be compared to those achieved using traditional methods as, for example, by Lim (2002). Abraham Lincoln delivered the Gettysburg Address in 1863. It's important that we keep showing our students how powerful language can be when it's carefully crafted and arranged. To achieve this objective, this study analyzes the oral communication forms used by the candidates during the TV debates. Finally, the champion in the usage of I is Trump who clearly has adopted a distinct style in the campaign, putting the light more on his ego. Recently, such distance matrices can be represented by a tree-based visualization method respecting approximately the real distances between all nodes (Baayen, 2008). We'll see. Which quotation from Roosevelt's request for a declaration of war is an example of a hasty . These are effective because it brings almost a third dimension to his speech. Trump or Clinton). For the Republican candidates (Jeb Bush, Ted Cruz, John Kasich, Rand Paul, Marco Rubio, and Donald Trump), twelve TV debates were organized, from the 1st one held on 6 August 2015 with ten candidates, to the last one organized on 10 March 2016 with four candidates. O to convince the audience that there are limited options. Two main syntactic constructions can be selected by the speaker, namely, using more frequently verb phrases (composed of verbs and adverbs), or choosing more often noun phrases (with nouns, adjectives, determiners, and prepositions). This activity could happen as part of the prewriting process or after essays have been completed. 1 0 obj The presence of Bernie Sanders occupying a position more on the left demonstrates that the Democratic primaries were more difficult than expected. Beside time frame, exceptional events (e.g. Students employ a wide range of strategies as they write and use different writing process elements appropriately to communicate with different audiences for a variety of purposes. Rhetorical Analysis: Nelson Mandela's Inagural Speech
