2013;177(6):548-555. Cigarette smoking during pregnancy and risk of preeclampsia: a systematic review. PLoS One. (PubMed), 82. Linus Pauling believed that chronic scurvy can be prevented with an orthomolecular daily intake of between 3,000 to 10,000 mg or more vitamin C. This amount approximates what the animals synthesize, and matching animal production is the reason Pauling ingested 18,000 mg daily. Pocobelli G, Peters U, Kristal AR, White E. Use of supplements of multivitamins, vitamin C, and vitamin E in relation to mortality. Depletion and reaccumulation. Arch Neurol. Br J Nutr. 1999;13(9):1007-1024. Cheng Y, Willett WC, Schwartz J, Sparrow D, Weiss S, Hu H. Relation of nutrition to bone lead and blood lead levels in middle-aged to elderly men. In most trials, participants received 2 g of vitamin C prior to undergoing CABG or valve replacement surgery and 1 to 2 g/day for five days post-surgery. Wang L, Sesso HD, Glynn RJ, et al. (PubMed), 63. Pauling LC. Unlike plants and most animals, humans have lost the ability to synthesize vitamin C endogenously and therefore have an essential dietary requirement for this vitamin (see The Recommended Dietary Allowance). The MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study: preliminary results. Vitamin C Foundation Approved Cardio-C (Pauling-therapy) drink mix provides Linus Pauling's specific vitamin C and lysine. Am J Epidemiol. (PubMed), 87. In addition, there is currently little evidence to support a role for vitamin C in the management of patients with gout (123). Hansen SN, Tveden-Nyborg P, Lykkesfeldt J. 1999;18(2):166-170. 2012;64(2):245-254. 201. Potentiation of in vitro and in vivo lymphocyte responses. 1994;151(4):834-837. Auer BL, Auer D, Rodgers AL. (PubMed), 197. Conversely, a 2008 meta-analysis of 14 cohort studies concluded that dietary, but not supplemental, vitamin C intake was inversely related to CHD risk (47). 2010;29(3):215-217. Another pilot multicenter trial found better lung function during the first week of life and lower risk of wheezing through one year of age in infants whose smoking mothers were randomized to receive vitamin C (500 mg/day) rather than a placebo during pregnancy (95). Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand B. Infection with the bacteria, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), is known to increase the risk of stomach cancer and is associated with lower vitamin C content of stomach secretions (74, 75). Of note, it is possible that genetic differences among diabetic patients influence the effect of vitamin C supplementation on cardiovascular risk. Michels AJ, Frei B. Myths, artifacts, and fatal flaws: identifying limitations and opportunities in vitamin C research. Linus Pauling's Recommendations for Vitamin C and Lysine - The Ezekiel Diet Files Linus Pauling's Recommendations for Vitamin C and Lysine by EzekielDiet.com Posted on Sep 22, 2021 Pauling's Vitamin C and Lysine dosage recommendations from his Unified Theory Lecture on Heart Disease. Results from 7,277 participants in the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2004 indicated that an estimated 7.1% of individuals ages 6 years were deficient in vitamin Cbased on serum vitamin C concentrations <11.4 mol/L (36). http://practicingmedicinewithoutalicense.com/protocol/excerpt_chp7.pdf He received a patent on his work. Nutr Cancer. On the other hand, two other large prospective studies reported that a high intake of vitamin C was associated with an increased risk of kidney stone formation in men (198, 199). One hundred percent absorption efficiency is observed when ingesting vitamin C at doses up to 200 mg at a time. Linus Pauling and Matthias Rath first presented their lipoprotein-a theory of arterial disease in 1990. Total calcium intake should not exceed the UL, which is 2,500 mg . (PubMed), 125. The Linus Pauling Institute's Micronutrient Information Center provides scientific information on the health aspects of dietary factors and supplements, food, and beverages for the general public. 2010;21(11):1745-1757. Indian J Pharmacol. 2017;71(12):1371-1380. By pooling data from 13 prospective cohort studies comprising 676,141 participants, it was determined that dietary intake of vitamin C was not associated with colon cancer, while total intake of vitamin C (i.e., from food and supplements) was associated with a 19% reduced risk of colon cancer (79). (PubMed), 48 Kubota Y, Iso H, Date C, et al. 2. Barbara Delage, Ph.D. 2008;7:35. Myocardial reperfusion injury leads to complications, such as reperfusion arrhythmias (see Atrial fibrillation) and myocardial stunning. Among the five out of eight trials in asthmatic subjects that reported on FEV1 outcomes, none found a difference between vitamin C supplementation and placebo(180). Vitamin C also limited endothelial dysfunction that was experimentally induced in healthy volunteers (39). email:[emailprotected], Chlorophyll and Metallo-Chlorophyll Derivatives, Healthcare Professional Continuing Education. 2018;22(1):70. (PubMed), 88. (PubMed), 64. The history of these products might make the reasons for (and differences in them) easier to understand. Dietary factors and the risk of incident kidney stones in men: new insights after 14 years of follow-up. (PubMed), 169 Riordan HD, Casciari JJ, Gonzalez MJ, et al. (PubMed), 129. Atherosclerosis. Additionally, several cross-sectional studies reported inverse associations between circulating vitamin C concentrations and markers of insulin resistance or glucose intolerance, such as glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) concentration (50, 85, 86). (PubMed), 168. Pharmacokinetic studies in older adults have not yet been conducted, but there is some evidence suggesting that the efficiency of one of the molecular mechanisms for the cellular uptake of vitamin C declines with age (208). Pauling recommended 3 g each of vitamin C and lysine daily as a preventive measure. Thus, individuals suffering from certain diseases may require substantially larger amounts of vitamin C to achieve optimum body levels or derive therapeutic benefits, areas that were of great interest to Linus Pauling and need to be further explored. Milan SJ, Hart A, Wilkinson M. Vitamin C for asthma and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. 2011;40(6):483-500. For a more detailed review of scientific research on the bioavailability of different forms of vitamin C, see The Bioavailability of Different Forms of Vitamin C. A number of possible adverse health effects of very large doses of vitamin C have been identified, mainly based on in vitro experiments or isolated case reports, and include genetic mutations, birth defects, cancer, atherosclerosis, kidney stones, "rebound scurvy," increased oxidative stress, excess iron absorption, vitamin B12 deficiency, and erosion of dental enamel. 1999;181(4):1026-1035. Individuals on anticoagulants should limit their vitamin C intake to <1 g/day and have their prothrombin time monitored by the clinician following their anticoagulant therapy (200). BMC Ophthalmol. Comparison of the absorption and excretion of three commercially available sources of vitamin C. J Am Diet Assoc. Int J Surg. Thomas LD, Elinder CG, Tiselius HG, Wolk A, Akesson A. Ascorbic acid supplements and kidney stone incidence among men: a prospective study. At the Linus Pauling Institute, we have based our vitamin C recommendations on the current body of scientific evidence, which is significantly greater than it was at Pauling's time but remains incomplete owing to the many diverse functions of vitamin C in the human body that have yet to be fully understood. Khodaeian M, Tabatabaei-Malazy O, Qorbani M, Farzadfar F, Amini P, Larijani B. Ascorbic Acid: Biochemistry and Biomedical Cell Biology. Johansen JS, Harris AK, Rychly DJ, Ergul A. Oxidative stress and the use of antioxidants in diabetes: linking basic science to clinical practice. Carter P, Gray LJ, Troughton J, Khunti K, Davies MJ. (PubMed), 149. In another randomized, double-blind, controlled trial in 28 critically ill patients with septic shock, infusion of 25 mg of vitamin C per kg every six hours for 72 hours significantly limited the requirement to vasopressor norepinephrinedecreasing both the dose and duration of treatmentand dramatically improved the 28-day survival rate (155). 1998;43(3):322-326. 2016;8(6). 2013;65(6):1636-1642. While acute scurvy can be prevented by a mere 10 mg vitamin C per day, there is no current research showing how much vitamin C might be required to prevent the atherosclerotic plaques of chronic scurvy. Hong SW, Lee SH, Moon JH, et al. 200. 20th Anniversary ed. Overall, evidence suggesting specific drugs can lower blood vitamin C concentrations in humans is limited. Vitamin C is known to function as a highly effective antioxidant in living organisms. 307 Linus Pauling Science Center (PubMed), 198. Hu X, Yuan L, Wang H, et al. (PubMed), 108. Neutrophils, mononuclear phagocytes, and lymphocytes accumulate vitamin C to high concentrations, which can protect these cell types from oxidative damage(12-14). Linus Pauling recommended at least 3000mg of vitamin C per day as a preventive dose, and significantly higher levels of both vitamin C and lysine for the treatment of existing heart disease. Donin AS, Dent JE, Nightingale CM, et al. 2001;292(5524):2083-2086. Chuang CH, Sheu BS, Kao AW, et al. Cardiovasc Res. A nested case-control study in the EPIC study found a 45% lower risk of gastric cancer incidence in individuals in the highest (51 mol/L) versus lowest (<29 mol/L) quartile of plasma vitamin C concentration; no association was observed between dietary vitamin C intake and gastric cancer (73). Wang ZJ, Hu WK, Liu YY, et al. Ann Intern Med. Carcinogenesis. Increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) when the heart muscle's oxygen supply is restored might be an important contributor to myocardial damage occurring at reperfusion (133). Of note, because intravenous administration of 80 g of vitamin C precipitated hemolytic anemia in two subjects with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, patients due to receive high-dose vitamin C infusion are systematically screened for this genetic disorder (166). The effect of ascorbic acid supplementation on the blood lead levels of smokers. The general idea is that cholesterol is a natural mechanism of repair in the blood. Corvallis: Oregon State University Press; 2006:105-111. Chen Q, Espey MG, Sun AY, et al. Vitamin C. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. Interestingly, there was no relationship between diet score and risk of hypertension in those with the lowest plasma vitamin C, and plasma vitamin C was positively associated with risk of hypertension in those with low diet scores (44). Forman JP, Choi H, Curhan GC. Another meta-analysis of 40 randomized controlled trials in 276,820 women found no effect of vitamin C, alone or combined with vitamin E or multivitamins, when supplemented during pregnancy (starting prior to 20 weeks gestation), on the risks of overall fetal loss, miscarriage, stillbirth, and congenital malformation(89). 1977;47(3):248-257. Stability of vitamin C derivatives in solution and topical formulations. In his Unified Theory, Linus Pauling often recommended 3,000 to 5,000 mg per day as an effective dose. A vitamin C deficiency equals a collagen deficiency. 1999;69(6):1086-1107. One supplement, Ester-C, contains mainly calcium ascorbate and includes small amounts of the vitamin C metabolites, dehydroascorbic acid (oxidized ascorbic acid), calcium threonate, and trace amounts of xylonate and lyxonate. 2008;87(1):64-69. If you suffer from an acute deficiency of ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) and other nutrients, your body stops producing collagen. Surprisingly, when an antioxidant combination (1,000 mg vitamin C, 800 IU vitamin E, 100 g selenium, and 25 mg -carotene daily) was taken with the simvastatin-niacin combination, the protective effects were diminished. BMC Complement Altern Med. Plasma vitamin C concentrations predict risk of incident stroke over 10 y in 20 649 participants of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer Norfolk prospective population study. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. Vitamin C deficiency in the brain impairs cognition, increases amyloid accumulation and deposition, and oxidative stress in APP/PSEN1 and normally aging mice. (PubMed), 13. 2015;6(4):570-581. Some (24, 191, 192), but not all (193-195), studies have reported that supplemental vitamin C increases urinary oxalate concentrations. Ascorbate is depleted by smoking and repleted by moderate supplementation: a study in male smokers and nonsmokers with matched dietary antioxidant intakes. Limitations inherent to dietary assessment methodology, such as recall bias, measurement error, and residual confounding, may account for some of the inconsistent associations between vitamin C intake and CHD risk. Am Heart J. European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Yokoyama T, Date C, Kokubo Y, Yoshiike N, Matsumura Y, Tanaka H. Serum vitamin C concentration was inversely associated with subsequent 20-year incidence of stroke in a Japanese rural community. Research Associate Professor Sodium ascorbate provides 111 mg of sodium (889 mg of ascorbic acid) per 1,000 mg of sodium ascorbate, and calcium ascorbate generally provides 90 to 110 mg of calcium (890-910 mg of ascorbic acid) per 1,000 mg of calcium ascorbate. Marginal ascorbate status (hypovitaminosis C) results in an attenuated response to vitamin C supplementation. Specific measures of functions stimulated by vitamin C include cellular motility (10), chemotaxis(10, 11), and phagocytosis(11). Although a primary source of dietary vitamin C, consumption of fruit and vegetablesassessed by food frequency questionnairewas not found to be associated with a lower risk of congestive heart failure (49). 1994;35(3):317-322. A meta-analysis of 29 small randomized controlled trials of short durations (median duration, 8 weeks) in 1,407 participants (10 to 120 subjects per trial; including both normotensive and hypertensive subjects) found that daily supplementation with 60 to 4,000 mg of vitamin C (median dose, 500 mg) reduced systolic blood pressure by 3.84 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure by 1.48 mm Hg (45). (PubMed), 57. Matsuzawa Y, Kwon TG, Lennon RJ, Lerman LO, Lerman A. Prognostic value of flow-mediated vasodilation in brachial artery and fingertip artery for cardiovascular events: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Vitamin C also participates in redox recycling of other important antioxidants; for example, vitamin C is known to regenerate vitamin E from its oxidized form (see the article on Vitamin E). Linus Pauling Institute Oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, -amyloid plaque deposition, Tau protein-forming tangles, and neuronal cell death in the brain of subjects affected by AD have been associated with cognitive decline and memory loss. Stroke. Ascorbyl palmitate is a vitamin C ester (i.e., ascorbic acid linked to a fatty acid). J Am Soc Nephrol. Jane Higdon, Ph.D. Diabet Med. Vitamin C pharmacokinetics: implications for oral and intravenous use. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2010;103(9):1251-1259. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. Two randomized controlled trials conducted in the 1990s reported a reduction in reperfusion-induced oxidative stress and myocardial injury with intravenous(136)or oral (137)vitamin C administration prior to CABG surgery (reviewed in 135).

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