Google Scholar. This weekly magazine, first published on 1st October 1938, was a pioneering outlet for British photojournalism. . The Master of the Crowhurst Otter Hounds surveys a line of Country. 3. WebWhich of the following critical values should the scientist use for the chi-square analysis of the data? 65. And since I have never seen an otter, except behind the glass of a painted case, who am I to say that the otter does not enjoy the fun of having its belly bloodily ripped? The following month the four-page leaflet, Otters and Men, was issued at the price of 1d. Rogers, William, Records of the Cheriton Otter Hounds (Taunton, 1925)Google Scholar. One of the main reasons Bates spoke out against otter hunting was that he felt that a small minority had reduced his chances of seeing the otter. At this time the main justification for killing otters was the damage they did to fish stocks. Has data issue: false "useRatesEcommerce": false In 1928, it showed a cheerful young woman glorying over being blooded at an otter-hunt (Figure 4).Footnote 29. 66. Feature Flags: { Griffin, Carl J. That year, some conservation measures were established, but unregulated killing resumed in 1867, when the U.S. purchased Alaska. The sport became increasingly popular in the late nineteenth century and the Edwardian period. Initially L. C. R. Cameron, author of Otters and Otter-Hunting (1908), was incredulous that the incident could have happened at all while F. G. Aflalo, editor of the Encyclopaedia of Sport, thought the reports demonstrated the ignorance of the critics of hunting.Footnote 17 River Otter Rather than defend its sentient or sporting qualities, he was much more concerned with its aesthetic role in the landscape. Unlike the working men who may have regretted the spontaneous event, sportsmen not only celebrated their own form of killing; they had created organisations that expected it to occur on a regular basis. WebThe otters were then protected by the international fur seal treaty, which banned sea otter hunting. 336, p. 34. The social image being constructed is of a group of people who are not just morally right, but are more decent than the hunters, who are by contrast portrayed as disreputable, aggressive and shameful. Nearly 280 river otters were captured in the Adirondacks and Catskills and relocated to 15 sites in central and western New York during a three-year period in the 1990s. The group's membership steadily grew from over 300 in 1925, to over 2000 in 1929, and 3000 in 1938. Master of Crowhurst Otter Hounds, Picture Post, 22nd July 1939, Volume 4, Number 3. The Humanitarian League's reaction to this case was interesting. 87 By setting this against contemporary instances he insinuates the unchanging attitudes of otter hunters over the centuries. Google Scholar. Humanitarian, April 1918, 100, cited by 69 It may be that he saw otter hunting as a useful device for testing both the political elasticity of the Society and the penetrative influence of the Humanitarian League. Glorying over being blooded at an Otter Hunt, Cruel Sports, 1928 p. 85. Otters . . The idea of the fairer sex taking part in manly or savage amusements was regularly invoked to shock the public.Footnote After retiring from the army he devoted much of his time to lecturing in schools across the country about the fair treatment of animals. The Otter Worry, The Humanitarian, September 1907, 164. 34 [23] For almost 40 years, the otters in southeast Alaska scrapped by. It was not until July 1928 that the age was lowered to twenty-one. For campaigners, the killing of indefensible cubs and protective mothers was the antithesis of fair play, sportsmanship and manliness. 67 He had seen a Master of a pack last summer throw a man into the river for striking at an otter with a walking stick.Footnote Although in political terms women gained full equality of suffrage in 1928,Footnote During the summer months its pages were sprinkled with photographs of women and girls being blooded at otter hunts. The incident was widely reported and horrified the public. WebNo hunting (except waterfowl) during removed only by the user. UKWOT has 31 and provided further evidence of the barbarous spirit engendered by indulgence in blood sports.Footnote WebThe otters were then protected by the international fur seal treaty, which banned sea otter hunting. Otter reintroductions were common during this time. And as to the women, they evidently have no sense of shame, or pity, for the torture these poor little creatures undergo.Footnote At night, in company with her other cub, she came to the yard and tried to liberate the little captive, but without success. 13. shot but they felt that many otters were preserved for hunting, a shameful blot on our civilisation. Hastings (190982) became a leading war reporter for Picture Post. The hunting and killing of female otters during the breeding season was a recurring theme in anti-hunting literature. But model men would find pleasure neither in torturing, nor annihilating any of them.Footnote for this article. Salt edited the two Humanitarian League journals: Humanity, later renamed The Humanitarian (18951919) and The Humane Review (19001910). The League for the Prohibition of Cruel Sports, Annual Report (London, 1931), 34. Indeed, Coulson, Collinson and other campaigners believed that the kill had ill effects on the mental well-being of every person involved. 74. Destruction: The Maritime Fur Trade - Elakha Alliance Moore-Colyer, R. J., Feathered Women and Persecuted Birds: The Struggle against the Plumage Trade, c. 18601922, Rural History, 11 (2000), 5773 Although this demonstration was by all accounts quiet and orderly, the encounter did produce a rather interesting spectacle. Added to this, the physical characteristics of the otter meant that the final worry, much like the preceding pursuit, could be more prolonged and more of a spectacle than in hunts of other animals. It is pleasant to read that after such heroic conduct on the part of the poor beast, the hunter's heart softened and the whelp restored.Footnote . He argued that if the government cared for the preservation of beauty in England, the otter would long ago have been placed on the protected list, and would not have been subjected to the undiscriminating attacks of sportsmen.Footnote To stress his dissatisfaction, he targets two features specific to the sport, the prolonged duration of the pursuit and spring and summer hunting: To make it pleasant for otters as well as man, otters are hunted not only for a long time, for seven or eight or ten or eleven hours at a stretch, but in spring. WebFrom 1941 till 1957, an interim agreement between the U.S. and Canada regulated the harvesting of sea otters. The sequence of events is as follows: (1) The Master of an Otter Hunt Plans His Attack; (2) The Followers are Arriving; (3) Hounds are Released from the Van; (4) The Crowhurst Pack Awaits the Signal to Move Off; (5) The Hunt Begins; (6) The Pack Moves Off to Find the Otter's Drag; (7) A Huntsman and His Pole; (8) Cutting off a Corner; (9.) It may be outlawed, yet in 1977 one single New York dealer smuggled, amongst many other furs, the skins of 15,470 neotropical and 271 giant otters into the country (Eltringham 1984). The men then lit some cotton waste, smoked out the otter, and pelted it with stones. As the otter hunters arrived at the meet, the first thing they saw was a line of demonstrators with banners bearing the words Abolish the Shameful Sport of Otter-hunting and Stand up for the Helpless. 15. Oliver, Roland, Johnston, Sir Henry Hamilton (18581927), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 [online]Google Scholar. Douglas Macdonald Hastings, Hunting the Otter, Picture Post, 22nd July 1939, 5256, p. 52. For this reason, Bates believed that all animals, whether wild or domestic, should have the same legal rights. Instead, it tells the reader that the otter is hunted partly because it is tradition to do so; partly because he provides excellent sport, and partly because it is still necessary to regulate his kind.Footnote 81. The Master of the Wye Valley Otter Hounds, on the other hand, styled himself as a utilitarian, hunting through the war not for sport, but in order to keep down the head of otters in the interests of the fisheries.Footnote The regular otter hunter deliberately indulges in cruelty without the saving grace of feeling shame on the contrary, the returning cars and local tap rooms ring with the complacent boastings of the lords and ladies of creation.Footnote 41 Otherwise inaccessible wild and watery landscapes could also be explored: in otter hunting, the hounds, the invigorating air of the early morning, and the superb beauty of England's valleys and dales constitute the chief attractions. 35 72 He is remembered today for his monumental two-volume Comparative Study of the Bantu and Semi-Bantu Languages (191921); for his natural history collections now held at Kew, the British Museum, and London Zoo; and for his identification of the okapi (Okapi johnstoni) in the Congo in 1901.Footnote After some lively verbal exchanges between the Huntsman and League members, the Branch Secretary Mrs Chapman attempted to address the crowd by standing on a chair. On Tuesday 28th April, a small group of members from the Oxford Branch assembled in Islip to demonstrate against the Buckinghamshire Otter Hounds (Figure 2). Ernest Bell noted in the Animals Friend journal soon after the prosecution that it was quite right that the press should express horror at such barbarity but questioned whether the deliberate worrying of otters for amusement was any less cruel or reprehensible than the worrying of cats.Footnote Members of the League for the Prohibition of Cruel Sports were also outraged by this murderous behaviour and equally critical of the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, but they had a slightly different response to the event. . CrossRefGoogle Scholar; see also With this in mind Johnston seemed to overlook the behaviour of otter hunters and instead placed blame on anglers: Salmon is produced in such enormous abundance in North America and Norway, and is so very unlikely (owing to its habit of resorting to the sea) to become exterminated in British waters by the otter, that it would be a shame if this remarkable aquatic weasel. This increase in reintroduction effort would come to be known as one of the most ambitious and extensive carnivore restoration efforts in history. 59. 7 Staged at Colchester's North Railway Station, on this occasion members of the Colchester Working Group were the chief agitators and the Eastern Counties Otter Hounds the agitated. 86. For Johnston the otter was not a special animal, it was one of many beasts, birds, and reptiles which potentially added to the future happiness of the world. 1847Google Scholar; The aesthetic quality of animals was also important to him. 15, Although this document only had a small readership it proved to be the earliest written condemnation of the sport from an organisation. Spearing was no longer permitted in the popular modern form. Some inhuman wretch: Animal Maiming and the Ambivalent Relationship between Rural Workers and Animals, Rural History, 25 (2014), 13360CrossRefGoogle Scholar. The word fun is the binding theme in Bates argument. Daily Mail, 23rd May 1906, cited in Ruskin's critique of the painting did little to diminish the popularity of Landseer's art in the nineteenth century and hunts, hunters and otter hunting increased substantially in popularity, reaching a peak in the Edwardian period.Footnote hasContentIssue false, Copyright Cambridge University Press 2016. The Humanitarian League's strategy was that whenever an article mentioning otter hunting appeared in a newspaper or magazine, League members would bombard that publication with letters of protest. Considering Johnston's establishment position and his enthusiasm for hunting in the Empire, this was a powerful request. The League for the Prohibition of Cruel Sport, Annual Report (London, 1926). Bates wrote a regular column, Country Life, in The Spectator, and two volumes of nature essays, Through the Woods (1936) and Down the River (1937). WebAll the otters that are in there might leave to get away from the smell. My object is only to insure that this Institution shall fulfil the great purpose for which it was founded.Footnote And even we English whose behaviour in the country is notoriously crazy must have an excuse for wading through rivers in grey bowler hats, blue jackets and white flannel breeches. Inside there is a six page pictorial feature, Hunting the Otter, written by Douglas Macdonald Hastings. Bates wanted to reclaim the otter from this minority for the British public. (Cheers.) 21 George Greenwood made a similar observation in the 1914 publication, Killing for Sport: Men and, good heavens! Here Bates presents a very personal and very committed attack on otter hunting in a style of writing quite unlike his own. She argued that Otter-hunting is an incredibly vile sport, because it is deliberately carried on in the breeding season and was amazed that a larger number of influential people do not feel it their duty to make active protests against these things. Moreover, the intimacy of otter hunting meant that not only are they present at these infamous scenes, but, like the huntsmen, are worked up to the wildest pitch of excitement and moreover join in the final worry and the performance of the obsequies, when the spoils of the chase are distributed.Footnote The second letter from An Old Fashioned Sportsman denounced otter hunting on sporting grounds and used the Barnstaple cat-worrying case to strengthen his argument: I belong to an old family of Tory sportsman who have been brought up to view with disgust such amusements as involve the fiendish cruelty and worrying of one poor little animal for many hours by a motley crowd of men, women and even children, some armed with spears. Kean, Hilda, The Smooth Cool Men of Science: The Feminist and Socialist Response to Vivisection, History Workshop Journal (1995), 40:1, 1638 The following year Bell and his followers formed the National Society for the Abolition of Cruel Sports. Twenty-five years later, Smith and his colleagues conducted two years of monitoring surveys at 1,200 sites across the state to assess how well the population was doing. In August 1938 the National Society for the Abolition of Cruel Sports gained permission to reprint the chapter in leaflet form. At least 23 million Amazonian animals, including the otters, were hunted for their hides from 1904 to 1969. CrossRefGoogle Scholar. A selection of letters was then published under the title, Should Otters Be Hunted? The first letter, by Reverend Joseph Stratton, argued that men were judged in relation to their treatment of animals. 22. The League for the Prohibition of Cruel Sports publicised its views in much the same way as the Humanitarian League and from January 1927 they started producing a monthly journal Cruel Sports.Footnote Otter hunting presents to him a picturesque scene, with the scarlet-coated, white-breeched men armed with spears, with shaggy hounds, and the landscape set with great marsh marigolds. A high proportion of the League were women. Loss of sea otters accelerating the effects of climate The exposure was made all the more effective by the contradictory responses from the otter hunters involved. 24 The Guardian, 9th May 2010. Downing, Graham, The Hounds of Spring. otter rescue plan that worked too Swamp Otters How to Get Rid of Otters in a Pond - Wildlife Animal Control 11 43. What humbugs we are!Footnote The latter is essentially a personal consideration of riverside life along the Ouse and the Nene. It appears to be more about human behaviour than animal suffering. . . Hopkinson, T., ed., Picture Post 193850 (London, 1970), p. 8 80. He uses heavy irony to get his point across: Fun is a curious word. Mr Rose of the Eastern Counties Otter Hounds described the proposed Bill as most unfair and ridiculous and argued that otter hunting was grossly misrepresented: Long spiked poles are never used for the purposes suggested, but for assisting followers across ditches, rivers and fences. something like twelve thousand otters have been killed in England for the purpose of fun. 90. Google Scholar. Ernest Bell, The Barnstaple Cat-Worrying Case, The Animals Friend (1906), 43. After introducing her pack, the Crowhurst Otter Hounds, the article listed the women who actively enjoyed the sport: Of the invariably large and influential following we may mention Mrs Mantell, Mrs Killogg-Jenkins, and Miss Woodruffe, Mrs Trimmer and Miss and Mrs J. Awbrey.Footnote This official regulatory association was set up to standardise conduct in the field, eliminate internal squabbles over hunting countries and promote the otterhound breed. On 4th April 1928, for instance, several daily newspapers reported that an otter had been stoned to death by fifty working men in Workington. They were joined by English and American hunters in the latter part of the century, and uncontrolled hunting continued until 1799. . 23 and the sunshine of May. 56 This indicates that despite the ongoing challenge from the anti-blood-sports movement, in 1939 hunting rhetoric still informed the public's perception of otters and otter hunting. Answered: Crab Sea Slug Algae on Eelgrass | bartleby Pring, Geoffrey, Records of the Culmstock Otterhounds, c. 17901957 (Exeter, 1958), p. 35 A fortnight after this event, on 13th May 1931, the second reported demonstration against otter hunting generated a rather more hostile response. Where Have All the Sea Otters Gone 11:59 Exit Sea otters are native to the western coast 6 18. Collinson had previously led the Humanitarian League's campaign against flogging and was described by Henry Salt as a young north-countryman, self-taught, and full of native readiness and ingenuity, who at an early age had developed a passion for humanitarian journalism.Footnote Scientists and tribal leaders say reintroducing otters would restore balance to degraded kelp forests, boost fish species, protect shorelines, generate tourist dollars . Kean, Hilda, Animal Rights (London, 1998)Google Scholar;

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