Probably, this might be well supported if we were to consider this from Professor Irene Odotei: After the defeat of Asante in 1826, the British began to consolidate their power on the Gold Coast in general. Cook Loaf) to Fla i.e. These three quarters are commonly called James Town and formed the original area of British jurisdiction at Accra. Also, the DIPO or OTUFO customs of the Ga-Dangmes are said to be ancient Hebrew Israelites customs. Unlike other scholars and historians, Amartey tracing the itinerary of the Nubians indicted that this group separated into the Ethiopian and Ga ethnic groups after they had left Egypt, with each group following different direction. many years. It must also be noted that, i, writing all their history down so they were all oral traditions. What is the culture of the Ga-Adangbe tribe? today its part on Angola. Also, the DIPO or OTUFO customs of the Ga-Dangmes are said to be ancient Hebrew Israelites customs. These classifications consists of the Kru languages, Western Kwa, made up of Ewe-Fon, Akan-Guan sometimes called Volta-Camoe, Ga-Adangme, Yoruba-Igala, Nupe, Edo, Idoma, Ibio, and Ijo groups. There are claims that the chereokee Indians and native Americans also originate from this tribe. The report that came back confirmed that this was indeed a good place for habitation and the mountain later became known as "Klo yo" (Krobo Mountain). The Kwa people of Africa include the Ga-Dagbe, Ewe, Akwapim, Fanti, Kwahu, and Akim and Ashanti. can see evidence of some of these in : The naming of children on the 8 th day (Exodus 12 vs 19); Male circumcision On the other hand, Ga has occupied the towns around Tema and Accra. These four quarters make up Ussher Town, the area placed under Dutch jurisdiction in the seventeenth century. The descendants of the Gonja people were traders and the first residents of Ghana. So he decided to let them go with Moses so that his people There are other celebrations and festivals that these people have to prepare for every year. Although relatively small in area and population, Ghana is one of the leading countries of Africa, partly because of its considerable natural wealth and partly because it was the first black African country south of the Sahara to achieve independence from colonial rule. Here the Gas divided It is also to be noted that the tribe of Ga are no longer just found in Africa. They are mostly found at the Eastern part of Ghana and speak Akuapim Twi, Krobo, among other dialects. Alata was settled by Nigerian workers imported to construct a European fort. Owusu = Owuolisu, i.e., death is crying: this is the nickname now belonging to every Odate. Be the first to get hottest news from our Editor-in-Chief, Check your email and confirm your subscription. down orally in the history of others like the Hebrews, Ethiopia and Egypt the super power. This was the name ascribed to the Ga-speaking tribes due to their prowess and bravery in warfare, and the Portuguese due to their difficulty in pronunciation later on corrupted it to Akra. the Nile which is the south of Sudan. Create a free website or blog at WordPress.com. A section of the Alatas of Ga Mashie came as slaves and servants from Moure on a fishing expedition to La and stayed permanently. In a case of D.P. For example, the horn the Akamanje Mantse sounds: Onipa nni aye; Onipa nni aye, Onipa to nsu mu a ma onko, Aboa to nsu mu a yino kodi. This is explained as follows: Man is ungrateful; Man is ungrateful, If a man falls into a river, let him drown; If an animal falls into a river, take it out to eat. In the words of Prof Odotei, the Wei from which the mantse is chosen is known as the jaase [Akan- Gyaase], whose function is to protect the king or Omanhene and perform menial tasks for him. Its not known how many years it took the Gas to get to Boma, neither do we know how long they stayed here The significance of the celebration is to commemorate Jesus's triumphant entry into Jerusalem. Bible(Numbers 1 vs 26-47). This arrangement according to Henderson-Quartey brought these towns within the vicinity of the three forts, and under the protection of the Danes (Osu), Dutch (Kinka) and the English (Ngleshi-Alata) from the Akwamu marauders. Every office among the Ga was, and still is, vested in the We, and it is members of the We who decided who should hold office, subject to the approval of elders of the town. The Ga peoples also traded with Dutch, English, Swedes, Danes, French and what Professor Odotei describes as a host of interlopers of all nationalities. Also, the name of the hunter, KADI, who found a group people at OSU DOKU and introduced them to the Nungua Mantse, is a Hebrew name. The girls who have transitioned into womanhood are well dressed in beautiful kente clothing and accessories during the last day. On that journey, they crossed Ethiopia and moved into Nigeria. The following day in the morning, the chief bathes them using the blood of goats as a sign of dealing with an evil spirit that might make them incapable of reproducing. Thus while the Akans; Dagomba, Mamprusi and the Gonja, had always lived in centralised states under clan head bound together by kinship ties and chiefs, it was only later that nearly all the Ga-Adangbe and the Ewes of who lived in small communities under clan or lineage heads and traditional priests, adopted the institution of chieftaincy from the Akan peoples. Copyright 2023 StudeerSnel B.V., Keizersgracht 424, 1016 GC Amsterdam, KVK: 56829787, BTW: NL852321363B01, Oral history traces our ancestry from the old Egypt empire (ie Egypt, Ethi, River). [5] Margaret J. Again they migrated across West Africa and finally stopped in Ghana, which became their permanent home. Komi or Kenkey are their stable food. mashi who helped Nuumo Tr bi of Nuua to find and make/form Tshi. So why worry if settlers, without offence, decide to communicate in a language they feel comfortable? Jacob has two sons with Rachel. Nana Osei Tutu was also assisted by the Anumfuo (later Adumfuo) [Abrafuo] who accompanied him from Akwamu, in execution cases. Not until recently, I never knew that the Ga town- Pokuase, was founded by a man named [O]poku? Some of the people enslaved were described as AKAN in the slave records. These three quarters are commonly called James Town and formed the original area of British jurisdiction at Accra. Like any other African tribe, the Ga-Adangbe tribe has hundreds of symbols with deep meanings and specific messages. Immigrants could also attain certain positions through achievements. The Guan tribe are believed to have migrated from Mossi region in Burkina Faso around 1000 A.D. On the contrary, Amartey (1991, pp.13-14) narrating from oral traditions or folkloric sources gave a different version of the migration story of the Ga in Gami Ashikwi (Origin of the Ga). From 1680 onwards, it became the practice of the Ga to seek refuge with their kinsmen in this new state whenever they faced difficulties in Accra. The female spirit mediums usually communicate with their voices, unlike in the case of male mediums. The Ga-Adangbe people inhabit the Accra Plains. Check your inbox to be the first to know the hottest news. ORIGIN OF THE GA-SPEAKING PEOPLE OF ACCRA. Ubangi (found on the north of Congo). Biblical history suggests that Jacob, whom God named YISRAEL had Leah as his wife who gave birth to four sons for him. I really appreciate it, and I hope youll visit my blog again for more information of the Ga speaking people of Ghana; as well as recommend the blog to others. According to him, these indigenes seem to have extended from Asini down to Tema, thence to the Volta. Nevertheless, the common ones and answers given include the following: The Ga-Adangbe tribe is one of the ethnic groups from West Africa well known for its vibrant culture. One of the most curious aspects of this tribe's culture is their elaborate and colourful celebration of the death of a relative. Accra became the most prominent Ga town and is now the capital of Ghana. Merchants in Accra acted as middlepersons in the trade of slaves, gold, and other commodities between the Europeans and the Asante kingdom to the north. Map of Ghana The Ga Adangebe started off in Egypt in a city called Goshen. Some of them include Ga-Dangme, GaDangme, Ga-Adampa, Ga-Adangme, Ga-Danmeli, Ga-Adampe, Ga-Adangbe, Ga-Adanme, and Ga-Ada. The girls found not to be virgins or impregnated by a community member cannot get a man from the tribe. We, can see evidence of some of these in : The naming of children on the 8, of the similarities in Ga and Hebrew cultures. It is believed that one of the I am going to research this tribe and continue to update this post with my findings. Where do the Ga-Adangbe come from? They settled then at around Afram Plains across the Black Volta and the Akuapim Hills and later spread to the south to occupy the coastal plains. This is for the deceased victors who fought on the battlefield for the Ga people to be where they are today. celebration of Hmw = Passover which has changed due to a great faming experienced by the Gas along the The Hebrews spread across the whole land; from Goshen (north of Egypt, R. Niles mouth) to the south of Examples are: NIIKOILAI (Rev:2, 6, 15); AMASA (2 Samuel 17, 25; 1 Chronicle 33 20-21 DJAANI/JANNE, 2 Timothy 3: 8; AMON, 2 Chronicle 33: 20-21; ASHALE (ASAHEL), 1 Chronicle 2:16, 2 Samuel 2: 18-19.King AYI KUSHI, spelled Cush in Hebrew, Genesis 10: 6 Jeremiah 13:23, Isaiah 18:12) led the Ga-Dangmes from Cush in Jerusalem to Ayawaso and was the founder of the GA DYNASTY. Field on her part, states that these group of Ga emigrants mainly fishermen, consist of seven families led by Nii Tete and Nii Moi: Wlmi of the Nai and Onyeni deities respectively. In the Book of numbers, the Bible had made extensive references to the children of Israel, which includes Gad and Dan and their children (Numbers 1:1-54).Biblical history strongly lends support to the claim by Ga-Dangmes that they are HEBREW ISRAELITES due to the fact Ga-Dangme names are found throughout the OLD TESTAMENT. So, international relations scholars have come to terms that in their efforts to [over]protect what appear on the surface as their own- being it history, culture, or lifestyle, closer inspection might shockingly or uncomfortably reveal to them something foreign. SHEIKH MUSTAFAS INTRODUCTION IS BELOW type his name into Google to find his blog or check out my re blogs. It is believed that Gas may have also undergone the hash treatment the Hebrews had to endure, hence the Ghana has a population of about 18 million. They mainly live in the Greater Accra region. While Akumadzei one of the seven quarters of Ga Mashie community was of Guan origin. The Ga-Dangbe, G-Dab, Ga-Dangme, or GaDangme are an ethnic group in Ghana, Togo and Benin. Your email address will not be published. The Ga-speaking ethnic groups which consists of the Wo Kpele, Wo Krowor, Wo Doku and Wo Sagba were supposed to have travelled the south-western route by following the Ghazal and Jebe creeks, and the River Ubangi which eventually led them to Boma; a town in Congo (presently D. R. Congo). They primarily speak the Guan languages of the Niger-Congo language family. Through Zilpah, Jacob had Dan and Gad and four more sons. A documentary I watched discussed this very point and even the indigenous Igbo of the land are aware of this and confirm the difference in the 2 religions. Asere is by far the largest quarter in terms of population and area. The main reason for this new migration according to Kilson (1974, pp.5-6) was the presence of the Portuguese and three other European powers that had by then established trading posts there, and were extending protection to the coastal towns and villages. Men of the lineage live together in a mens compound, while women, even after marriage, live with their mothers and children in a womens compound. The other three quartersAlata or Nleshi, Sempe, and Akanmadzeare said to be of later origin. They were once defeated and ruled by the Akwamus (1680-1730); the Akyems (1730-1742) and the Asantes (1742- 1826). They are also taught how to dance Klama dance. But in the modern days, the clothing is usually worn for almost every occasion, including religious worships, rites of passage, funerals, and weddings. According to oral traditions,. Updates? Dangme is the language that is most used in the Greater Accra Plains. Their staple foods are rice and yams, mostly when they are in season. It is interesting that Queen Dode (Dodi) Akabis name DODI is a Hebrew Name. Of course, Loei is a Ga name for another species of dark brown ants, which meanders about in great swarms; invading houses, killing and devouring everything in their way. At this point, it, away as possible from Egypt. Some of the Ga who left for Glidzi also returned to seek help from the Ga in Accra in the eighteenth century but ended up staying in Accra permanently. To many history enthusiasts, this Accra- Glidzi or Gold Coast-Togo connections from Professor Irene Odotei, might not be overly circumstantial. In the words of Professor Odotei, oral traditions collected by various authors indicate that most of the Ga peoples trace their origins to the east of the Accra plains. He protected him from the Denkyiras and when he was called to take over the Kwaaman stool Nana Ansa Sasraku provided him with 300 Asafomen from Akwamu to guide him to Kwaaman. Ghana, country of western Africa, situated on the coast of the Gulf of Guinea. [2] They make up 3.7% of the population of Ghana. He then traced their movements from Nigeria through Dahomey (now Republic of Benin) and to Togo where they settled at Aneho, before eventually moving on to their present locations in the then Gold Coast. A common saying at Asere is, There is no such thing as a pure Ga. Not only were many European and inland African ethnicities represented in Accra over hundreds of years, but also the lateral coastal connections produced migrations of Brazilian, Sierra Leonean, and Nigerian families, who formed clans and assumed Ga identity. INTRODUCTION There had been [reoccurring] reported sorry state of the Ga State and the feared scenario of its bonafide Ga Language, on the ebb of extinction due to massive occupation of various ethnic groups, especially, the Akan peoples- many of whom their preferred spoken languages in Accra, to the dismay of the puritan traditional Ga, had always been the Akan Languages, instead of learning the indigenous Ga Language. Among them is the Kpakpatse We Royal Family, whose history we shall discuss in this discourse. According to oral tradition, the whole structure of the Asante army that was started by Nana Osei Kofi Tutu l and helped the Asantes through many wars, was a replicate of the well organised Akwamu army. Therefore, this festival is celebrated to overcome starvation. However, because much of the land was of thick bush inhabited by wild and dangerous animals, hunters who opened up tracts of these forests were recognized as owners of such places. Consequently, these extended family groups comprising of both emigrants and aborigines either through intermarriages or through assimilation, formed settlements that lived by farming and to some extent hunting. w e /; Ewe: Eeaw, lit."Ewe people"; or Mono Kple Volta Tsisiwo Dome, lit."Ewe nation","Eenyigba" Eweland;) are a Gbe-speaking ethnic group. The three groups of people that left Egypt were:-. They later migrated to West Africa and eventually stopped in Ghana, becoming their permanent home. He, however, argued that from the archaeological point of view of the stages of human development, it is reasonable to assume that some form of evolution has taken place in the Ga language; either through migrations, conquest, trade, cultural assimilation or contact with speakers of different dialects has caused considerable modification of the Ga language. She further posits that the Nai We people who were worshippers of the Nai deity established their settlement at Tumat, the present site of the Ussher Fort. These and ancient traditional customs still observed by Ga-Dangmes clearly lend credence to their claim that they are of Hebrew Israelites origins. It is believed that the Ga-Dangmes Kingdom at AYAWASO was the first Kingdom in GHANA. Other dialects available are Fon, Gen or Mina or Phla-Phera, and Aja. A wise man will most likely be buried in a coffin-shaped like an antelope, while a dead fisherman (the predominant occupation of the Ga people) will mostly be sent to the ancestral realm in a fish-shaped coffin. Currently English is the official language ofGhanaand the Ga are a mixture of peoples concentrated in the capital, many first-language Ga speakers also know English, one or more of the Akan languages (Fante or Twi), and/or Ewe. With this loss some of the Ga with their king fled from Accra and founded another state with its capital Glidzi across the Volta in the modern republic of Togo. These are the Tarbon of Ga Mashie. unoccupied lands began again for the GaDangbe people of Ghana after living in Boma, Bone, Benin and Ife for so The leader of the kingdom, Osei Tutu, defeated Denkyira in 1701 and named his area of influence "Asanti." While the Onyeni deity-worshipping group led by Nii Moi, settled behind the cliffs of the James Fort, which was later on built by an English trading company in 1672. Foremost among these was the need for labor; the Dutch became the slave trades masters. But then, although there are different Gbe languages, the common one is the Ewe. The Ga are descended from immigrants who came down the Niger River and across the Volta during the 17th century. Required fields are marked *. Ga is the derivation of Gaga (soldier ants) which according to Reindorf (1895, p.24) is the names of the big black ants which bites severely and are dangerous to the white ants. When Leah noticed that she had passed child-bearing age, she gave her maid servant, ZILPAH to wife. According to some legends Ga It is the largest group as compared to others. The original Ga immigrants were farmers, but today fishing and trading in imported goods are the principal occupations. http://www.ghanadot.com have great information regarding this. Evidence that the Ga always leave room for reverence and incorporation of other gods is seen in the text of the libation of the wulomei. [4] J. M. Bruce-Myers, The Origin of the Gas Journal of African Society, Vol. Coins placed in the coffins of the deceased believing that their spirits will use it in paying for their passage across the River Jordan. The Holy Bible tells us that, there were about 603,550 Hebrews who left Egypt; this Of course, the Guans also on the other hand, had contributed extensively to the lexicological development of the modern Ga language through the formal principles of inflexion of Ga words; and grammatical features such as the usage of verb forms for the present progressive and the future tenses, which are not found in the Adangme verb forms. It is argued that whereas the systems of marriage and the naming of children are uniform among the Akans, this differs from the traditions virtually common to the Ga-Adangbe and Ewe peoples. Around the turn of the twentieth century Accra experienced a series of disasters, including famines, a fire in 1894, an earthquake in 1906, bubonic plague, and the influenza pandemic of 1918-1919, as well as continuous emigration of skilled laborers. What can be said without qualms is that the Ga people were not stable, but dynamic and engaged in the very common phenomenon of migration- the Homowo [Passover] festival had its origin in such migration the second divide of belief attributed the unleavened com bread to that of Jewish unleavened flour bread as the ritual food, the red clay painted at the door posts and the way the people eat in hurry during the festival are linked to the traditions of the Jewish Passover feast. But like the said Ewe-Israeli ancestral links, this one too, I have difficulty to accept whole-heartedly in that we know that Israelis cherish their blood bond. Existing traditional accounts of the origin of the Ga according to Reindorf, indicates that the ancestors of the tribes of Akras, Late, Obutu and Mowure are said to have emigrated from the sea, arriving at the coast tribe after tribe. These tribes he believe arrived together with the Adangbes either from Tetetutu or from Sam, located beyond the Volta in the east, and situated between two rivers. But then we can find evidence of, down orally in the history of others like the Hebrews, Ethiopia and Egypt t, It is believed that Gas may have also undergone the hash treatment the Hebrews had to en. Elminas storerooms were converted to dungeons as other European powers built lodges and forts on what became known as the Gold Coast and began competing fiercely for their share of the trade from the mid-1600s on. I will be exploring their heritage and other tribes later in this blog. Ababio withdrew his claims, but Sempes refused to accept the Alata mantse as the mantse for the whole James Town, although the Government continued to recognise him as such. Although Prof Irene Odotei writes that the Gas have a system of adoption which extends its branch to the children of couples of alien origins as far as the law of succession among the Ga tribe proper [ie. This was the 3rd group that left Egypt, and it consisted of all the other tribes who lived South of Goshen along the continue the search for a land of their own. Here is a sneak preview of the major tribes and ethnic groups in Ghana. The abayan, cloth belonging to the deceased, which is torn to pieces, and each piece placed on the left wrist of the deceased relatives and very close friends, is an ancient Jewish custom. Later on he was referred to as Caboceer Cudjoe. Since most of their towns scattered along the coast from Lanma (Mt. Through my own research I have found that the Ga-Dnagmes believe in one supreme being and an evil being who we would call Satan in Europe society. Gads fifth son was Eri who later formed a clan known as Erites (Genesis 30:9, Genesis 46:16, Numbers 26:15-19 and Deuteronomy 3:12; Genesis 30:4-83:12.The descendant of Eri, son of Gad are believed to have founded the Nri Kingdom around 900 A.D of the South Eastern and parts of the mid-western Igboland in Nigeria with other tribes of Levi, Zebulon, Ephraim and possibly more. The modern Adangbe include the people of Shai . [2] [3] The Ga-Dangmes are one ethnic group that lives primarily in the Greater Accra of Ghana. It appears that the slaves were shipped straight from Ghana to Jamaica and other ports that I have yet to explore. At puberty, the girls go through a training called Dipo, which is known to be the formal rite of passage. So that is where the name T shi- Their original religion is associated with a spirit called ordzemawon. suffering of his people at the hands of God almighty. It does not matter whether the deceased's family is impoverished; they must ensure that their departed is ushered from the physical realm to the ancestor's realm with fanfare. THE CULTURE OF GA LANGUAGE Gas are said to have lived predominantl, Between 1700-1250 BC, the then Egyptian king, King Thuthmos 2 ruled over the Hebrews who were, war. The Akan, Ewe, Mole-Dagbane, Guan, and Ga-Adangbe are prominent Ghana tribe. Then, any man interested in one of the girls can start talking to the girl's family. There they sojourn for some time, before moving on to the Boni Island in the Niger Delta Basin. http://www.ghanadot.com have great information regarding this. Each group's divisions are united by a common origin, history, language, and cultural legacy. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The group stayed there for some years before leaving during 672-525 B.C. While the Ga-Adangbe/Ewe adheres to a patrilineal system, among the Akans; brothers and nephews on the mothers side and not sons inherit property. These Africans were from The slavery Gold Coast and would likely have spoken a number of languages which are still in use today. The Kusasi population in Ghana is estimated to be around 646,000. (also only done after the 8th day); Patrilineal nature of Gas (inheritance from father side); The importance of THE ESTABLISHMENT OF GA COASTAL TOWNS For example, the Otublohum of Ga Mashie originally settled in Accra as representatives of the Akwamu government. 3:12.The descendant of Eri, son of Gad are believed to have founded the Nri Kingdom around 900 A.D of the South Eastern and parts of the mid-western Igboland in Nigeria with other tribes of Levi, Zebulon, Ephraim and possibly more. Many slaves were transported from the castle below. They mainly sell fish, maize, beer, and even prepared foods. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Quarteys all over the world who wish to trace their roots and ancestry should visit http://kpakpatseweroyalfamily and read my blog for information on their origin. In the Book of numbers, the Bible had made extensive references to the children of Israel, which includes Gad and Dan and their children (Numbers 1:1-54). The journey in search of The abayan, cloth belonging to the deceased, which is torn to pieces, and each piece placed on the left wrist of the deceased relatives and very close friends, is an ancient Jewish custom. Yes, it is, and it goes by several names in the country. Corroborating Reindorf assertions, Field (1937, pp.1-2) and Kilson (1971, pp.9-10) discussing the geographical locations of the Ga described the areas they occupied along the coast; with the sea and the sharply rising Akwapem mountains as its Southern and North boundaries. Besides, this led to the effective control of the local population and the maintenance of law and order within these trading enclaves to safeguard the traffic of goods between the hinterlands and the coast for the benefit of their respective companies. prominent kings in our history, Nii Oka mashi had said that, him and his people came from Boma. It was in the We that a child was welcomed into the world through the custom of kpojiemo (outdooring), marriage transactions are made in the We and it was in the We that a member was laid in state and the last rites performed for him when he dies. Although, a Voltarian in relation to Ghanas current geographical map, by the Ampofus own ancestral history, he could be probably, more of Asante in origin [and specifically, from Asante Mampong] than some sections of the contemporary Asantes at Adum, Asafo, Kwaaman or Kumawu, all in the heart of Asanteman? The Guan tribe, also known as Gonja, Guang, or Ngbanya, is one of the many ethnic groups in the Republic of Ghana. The activities require a lot of knowledge and are labour-intensive. The Kpehi of Tema and other Guan groups are said to be among the earliest groups who lived in the Accra plains. Others posit they are one of the cherished lost sheep of Israel. While asapatre (Shoe), goa (Guava), dashi (Bribe), gudiimin (Good Evening), moonimooni (Good Morning), feesi (First) are corrupted forms of Portuguese and English words respectively. Field (1937, p.142) associating with Reindorf noted that the Ga speaking emigrants began to arrive and settle among the lagoon-worshipping Kpshi aborigines probably at the end of the sixteenth century. This was after about 430yrs of slavery. THE GROWTH OF MODERN ACCRA So who could actually be called a pure Ga? The Kusasi also utilize Hausa and Moore languages for trading; however, they have a great affiliation . Accra developed from a series of contiguous settlements formed at different times by different peoples who developed a coherent but flexible sense of Ga identity. [12] T. A. Astley, New Collection of Voyages and Travels, Vol. Quarteys all over the world are descendants of the Royal Family of Kpakpatse We clan of the Asr group of the Ga speaking people, which is one of the seven quarters (Akutsii) that constituted the Ashiedu Ktk District within the Odododiodioo Constituency of the Ga Mashie Community in Accra. There are tribes in Africa, whose Hebraic customs and oral histories identify them as authentic descendants of the nation of Israel. killing the sacrificial animals with sharp stones instead of knives, in order not to avoid defiling them, were also used in Akra.. Hammond vs Mantse Ababio and others, the Alata mantse Kojo Ababio IV declared: my predecessors in title have been recognised as Mantse and in going to war, he always went in front of them. The three groups of people that left Egypt were:-, Auditing and Assurance Services: an Applied Approach (Iris Stuart), Principles of Marketing (Philip Kotler; Gary Armstrong; Valerie Trifts; Peggy H. Cunningham), Mechanics of Materials (Russell C. Hibbeler; S. C. Fan), English (Robert Rueda; Tina Saldivar; Lynne Shapiro; Shane Templeton; Houghton Mifflin Company Staff), Frysk Wurdboek: Hnwurdboek Fan'E Fryske Taal ; Mei Dryn Opnommen List Fan Fryske Plaknammen List Fan Fryske Gemeentenammen.

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