When did it originate and how did it come to be a satanic symbol? ; ; kri svetega Petra; kri sv. It's an upside-down cross, opposite to what Christians use. This category has the following 3 subcategories, out of 3 total. For that reason, the Cross of Peter is also often used to refer to the Papacy. The Papal cross is the symbol of the Pope. The keys are gold and silver to represent the power of loosing and binding. It is believed that Peter requested this form of crucifixion as he felt he was unworthy to be crucified in the same manner that Jesus died. The Satanic Cross was originally the symbol for the element which was called brimstone in antiquity, and which we today know as sulfur. It is believed that Peter requested this form of crucifixion as he felt he was unworthy to be crucified in the same manner as Jesus. Learn the symbols, their meanings and interpretations. In the Gospel of John, Jesus speaks of the kind of death that Peter would suffer: Truly, truly, I say to you, when you were young, you girded yourself and walked where you would; but when you are old, you will stretch out your hands, and another will gird you and carry you where you do not wish to go. (This he said to show by what death he was to glorify God.) A book and sword are the common attributes of Saint Paul The book carried by Saint Paul represents his epistles in the New Testament of the Bible. The Lamb Of God also represents Jesus Christ. The Cross of Saint Peter or Petrine Cross is an inverted Latin cross traditionally used as a Christian symbol, but in recent times also used as an anti-Christian and Satanic symbol. The five points or corners of the Pentagram represent five elements- air, water, fire, earth, and spirit. Petra; ; ; Satanistkors; Satanskors; Krzy satanistyczny; Krzy witego Piotra; Oppnedkors; Oppned-kors; Sint-petruskruis; St. peter's kruis; Kri svetog Petra; Obrnuti kri; Obrnuti krst svetog Petra; Cruz de San Pedro; Pietarin risti; Petrine Cross; petra kruco; kruco de Sankta Petro; kruco de Petro; Obrcen k; Svatopetrsk k; Petrv k; Pevrcen k; K sv. Even though the Pentagram is seen as the main symbol of the Wicca religion, its also associated with different meanings. Yet, by giving it the title 'Cross of St. Peter' you make the inverted cross in the first place a Christian symbol. Piotra; Peterskors; Obrnuti krst; ; ; vento Petro kryius; ; Cross of St. Peter; ; ; ; ; creu llatina invertida en sentit vertical simbolitzant la forma en qu se suposa que fou crucificat l'apstol Sant Pere a Roma vers l'any 64; Symbole religieux; smbolo do apstolo So Pedro da Igreja Catlica; Salib Latin terbalik yang secara tradisional digunakan sebagai simbol Kristen; inverted Latin cross traditionally used as a Christian symbol; na glavo obrnjen latinski kri; Symbol; Croce di Pietro; Croce invertita; Tagurpidi rist; creu invertida; Peterskreuz; Cruz invertida; Cruz de ponta cabea; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; . This could not be further from the truth. Small Gothic Cross Earrings // Gothic Earrings, Gothic Jewelry, Goth, Gothic, Protective Symbol, Religion, St. Peter's Cross, Occult, Occultism ad vertisement by Deathwitch666. In Foxes Book of Martyrs (1563), John Foxe relied on Jeromes account: Jerome saith that he was crucified, his head being down and his feet upward, himself so requiring, because he was (he said) unworthy to be crucified after the same form and manner as the Lord was.. In the Chemin de la Croix by French composer Marcel Dupr, at the part where Simon of Cyrene helps Jesus carry the cross, an inverted cross motif appears at bar 7 and then twice more before it is replaced with a pastoral theme.[8]. Also, Ghost uses an inverted cross bisecting the letter G as their logo, the Grucifix. St Peters Cross Symbolism in Christianity. It's a traditional Christian symbol associated with the death of St Peter. The association of sulfur with Satanism is rather dated, and has its origins in its use as the symbol for sulfur by European alchemists. This account of Peter and Paul is substantiated by the fact that their names are preserved in the cemeteries of that place even to the present day (II.25.5). The famous French occultist liphas Lvi wrote that Vintras wore the cross on his robes to demonstrate his satanic inclinations. Or would it more depend on the culture in question? Its origin comes from the Catholic belief that St Peter (also known as Simon Peter or Simon, one of the twelve apostles and leader of the early Christian Church) was crucified upside down. For the people of that name, see, "Inverted cross" redirects here. Its a reminder of His sacrifice for the human race. Therefore, the Papacy is often represented by symbols that are also used to represent Peter, one example being the Petrine Cross. The upside down cross is an ancient symbol of St. Peter's crucifixion. "Bill Ward: Black Sabbath inverted cross was a promotional ploy", Louder Sound, August 26, 2016, "Here's What an Upside Down Cross Really Means", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cross_of_Saint_Peter&oldid=1151500324, This page was last edited on 24 April 2023, at 13:08. The inverted cross, or the cross of Saint Peter, is also used popularly in popular culture. The Swedish metal band Ghost makes use of the inverted cross in place of the final "t" in the band's wordmark, as well as on singer Papa Emeritus I's chasuble. Special cemeteries, special symbols, special tours. 89-91; Pastoureau, 13-67. The keys represent the divine authority that was vested before the death of Jesus in the apostle Peter. The Cross of Saint Peter or Petrine Cross is an inverted Latin cross, traditionally used as a Christian symbol, but in recent times also used as an anti-Christian and Satanic symbol. . This is why they use the inverted cross to reflect Satanic powers and indicate their rejection of Jesus Christ. In the Chemin de la Croix by French composer Marcel Dupr, at the part where Simon of Cyrene helps Jesus carry the cross, an inverted cross motif appears at bar 7 and then twice more before it is replaced with a pastoral theme.[7]. It is suggested that the first person to use the symbol in this manner is Eugne Vintras (fr), a 19th century cult leader known for his claim to be the reincarnation of the Prophet Elijah as well as his demonic rituals and perverted acts for which he was condemned by the Pope, tried and imprisoned. [4], The inverted cross is a recurring motif in metal music, particularly in black metal in congruity with its anti-Christian themes. Whether you're looking for information on a specific symbol or want to explore the meaning of symbols in general, our comprehensive guide has you covered. California - Do Not Sell My Personal Information. In Christianity, it is associated with the martyrdom of Peter the Apostle. It could be because Satans followers hated anything relating to the holy cross and anything associated with Jesus Christ. Today, the cross of Saint Peter is also known as an occult symbol. Its another Satanic symbol and is a variation of the Pentagram. The following are some of the crucial Christian symbols that are prevalent in their religious beliefs. The Cross of Saint Peter or Petrine Cross is an inverted Latin cross, traditionally used as a Christian symbol, but in recent times also used as an anti-Christian symbol. Copyright 2002-2023 Got Questions Ministries. [5], Former Black Sabbath drummer Bill Ward suggested that the use of an inverted cross on the inner gatefold sleeve of their debut album by their label Vertigo may have been a promotional ploy or a misunderstanding of the nature of the group.[6]. [6] At the end of Rosemary's Baby, an upside down cross hangs over the bassinet containing Satan's son. The Trinity is an ancient pagan symbol. St. Peters Cross is an upside-down cross, which is a type of cross that was used as a way to torture and execute people in the Middle Ages. The Cross of Saint Peter also known as Petrine Cross is an inverted Latin cross traditionally used as a Christian symbol, but in recent times also used as an anti-Christian and Satanic symbol. SYMBOLS was a joint project of 6 partners across Europe. The Baphomet was a pagan deity, and people believed he protected the pilgrims during the Second Crusade. What Makes Arianism Such a Dangerous Heresy? . He was sinless, yet he sacrificed for the sins of men. i was caught stealing and i felt im not the same , i felt scared and sometimes im feeling paranoid; St peter cross text [2], The cross of Saint Peter has also been used for non-Christian symbolism. Jesus wore the crown of thrones just before he was crucified. Here is our extensive list of all the different types of crosses including both non-Christian and Christian variations. In The Martyrdom of Peter, found in the Acts of Peter (an apocryphal text dating to 200 AD), St. Peter requests to be crucified upside down out of humility toward Jesus. Because of this, they reason, the Pope must be in league with Satan. The upside down cross is an ancient symbol of St. Peters crucifixion. The Holy Ghost descended in its bodily form like a dove when Jesus was baptized in the Jordan river. The throne crown symbolically represents Jesus bearing the sins of the world. [3], The inverted cross is a recurring motif in metal music, particularly in black metal in congruity with its anti-Christian themes. Also, in Genesis 8, the Dove returned to Noah with an Olive branch after the flood. Wicca is a modern Pagan or neo-Pagan religion. It was the sign of the end of Gods judgment and the beginning of a new era. It is a female demon and a religious figure representing many different things across different At SymbolScholar, we make it easy for you to learn about symbols and their meanings. In the Chemin de la Croix by French composer Marcel Dupr, at the part where Simon of Cyrene helps Jesus carry the cross, an inverted cross motif appears at bar 7 and then twice more before it is replaced with a pastoral theme.[8]. The Christian Dove is another important symbol representing the Holy Ghost or the Holy Spirit. Playboi Carti is known to wear two diamond encrusted pendants of the cross during his performances. This was the symbolic representation of the cross on which Jesus was crucified. The answers to all these questions and more is here in this article. Thrones represent sins in the Bible. An inverted crucifix is always considered disrespectful, inverting the meaning of the cross, whereas a simple inverted cross is not. The Cross of St. Peter or Petrine Cross is an inverted Latin cross traditionally used as a Christian symbol, but in recent times also used as an anti-Christian symbol. Many anti-Catholics argue that the Pope is the Antichrist, and a typical gotcha proof of this claim is that the Papal symbol of the upside down or inverted cross is satanic. In Christianity, it is associated with the martyrdom of Peter the Apostle. According to Roman Catholicism, the pope is Peter's successor as Bishop of Rome. when holding the alt key and tapping 0134 i only get odd characters that never change to form a cross? Fill out the requested . The sign is used in Black Metal music, by rock bands, etc., to show their rebellious attitude towards religion. The Cross of St. Peter or Petrine Cross is an inverted Latin cross traditionally used as a Christian symbol, but in recent times also used as an antiChristian symbol. You will stretch out your hands. In the ancient world particularly in the Christian tradition to stretch out ones hands was a common reference to crucifixion. Therefore, the Papacy is often represented by symbols that are also used to represent Peter, one example being the Petrine Cross. Also, Ghost uses an inverted cross bisecting the letter G as their logo, the Grucifix. Unlike an upside down crucifix, which seeks to invert and subvert its meaning, there is nothing satanic about an upside down cross. The 19th century occult leader Eugne Vintras, known for his claim to be the reincarnation of the Prophet Elijah, was the first to wear the inverted cross. Article Images Copyright 2023 Getty Images unless otherwise indicated. link to What Is The Meaning Of The Lilith Sigil? The cross of St. Peter (the inverted cross) was long used as a Christian symbol, but in modern times it's more often used as a part of Satanic imagery. The Cross of Saint Peter also known as The Petrine Cross is an inverted Latin cross traditionally used as a Christian symbol, but in recent times also used as an anti-Christian and Satanic symbol. Tradition tells us that when. trade. Given the historical context, would you say that most people no longer accept this symbol as a representative for Christianity? The Latin cross represents Jesus Christs victory over sin. I need a good free downlaod app were i can inter a cell number and be able to read my husband text messges i feel his been cheating . Vintras and his followeres were condemned by Pope Gregory XVI followers in an 1846 pamphlet, The Saints of Tilly-sur-Seulle, for homosexuality, conducting Black Masses in the nude, and masturbating on altars. The winged man, lion, eagle and bull symbolize, clockwise from top left, Matthew, Mark, John, and Luke. According to tradition and extra-biblical sources, the Apostle Peter was crucified during Neros reign on an upside down cross. In this sense, the inverted cross symbolizes humility in faith because Peter would not be crucified in the same manner that the Savior, Jesus Christ, was crucified. and i need to. The Protestants, however, typically portray an empty cross. What Is Baphomet and Who Worships this Diety? Also called the Cross of Saint Peter or the Petrine Cross, the inverted cross is simultaneously an anti-Christian symbol, and a decidedly Catholic one. Cruz invertida; creu de Sant Pere; Petruskreuz; ; ; ; Peterskors; Petrus Ha; ; ; ; Crux de Sanctus Petrus; ; Pietarinristi; invertita kruco; K svatho Petra; Croce di san Pietro; Croix de saint Pierre; Peetruse rist; Petruskruis; Obrnuti krst; Petruskors; ; ; ; Petrov kri; Cruz de So Pedro; ; Kr svtho Petra; Salib Santo Petrus; Krzy w. , In todays post, we will be discussing symbols of patience , The next part in our series of symbolism articles is , Before getting into the Norse patterns or Viking art, it , Butterflies are frequently connected with the transition. Vintras and his followeres were condemned by Pope Gregory XVI followers in an 1846 pamphlet, The Saints of Tilly-sur-Seulle, for homosexuality, conducting Black Masses in the nude, and masturbating on altars. As a result of the manner in which he was crucified, the Church has used the upside down cross (without a corpus, so not a crucifix) to designate Peter, not Christ. These facts are related by Origen in the third volume of his Commentary on Genesis (III.1). Over time, the Petrine cross came to be known more commonly as an occult symbol. For the people of that name, see, "Inverted cross" redirects here. Many horror films use inverted crosses as part of their imagery and marketing, especially if the film involves demonic themes. Christians used the symbol to show themselves as followers of Christ and Christianity. Should a Christian wear religious jewelry? Whatever you bind on earth shall be bound in heaven; and whatever you loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven" (Mt 16:19). So many other Christian symbols depict different things about the religion. It is, therefore, recorded that Paul was beheaded in Rome itself, and that Peter likewise was crucified under Nero. Inverted (Upside Down) Cross Meaning in the Bible Its a common sign in pop music, mainly to show antichrist or anti-Christian motifs. [2], The cross of Saint Peter has also been used for non-Christian symbolism. The Swedish metal band Ghost makes use of the inverted cross in place of the final "t" in the band's wordmark, as well as on singer Papa Emeritus I's chasuble. For the gymnastics move, see, "Sex, Satanism & the 19th Century 'War of the Magicians', "Upside Down Cross Meaning And Symbolism, The Petrine Cross", O'Neill, Christine. 4 Reasons Why We Have a Hard Time Talking about Loneliness. The upside down cross is an ancient symbol of St. Peters crucifixion. For the gymnastics move, see, "Sex, Satanism & the 19th Century 'War of the Magicians', "Upside Down Cross Meaning And Symbolism, The Petrine Cross", O'Neill, Christine. What does the Bible say about women working outside the home? By the beginning of 4th Century, Gnosticism was increasingly marginalised by the Church hierarchy - books were banned and practice was criminalised in the Roman Empire. 10 views, 0 likes, 1 loves, 2 comments, 1 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from First Baptist Church, Southwest City, MO: Welcome to our Morning Worship Service! The symbol originates from the Catholic tradition that when sentenced to death, Peter requested that his cross be upside down, as he felt unworthy of being crucified in the same manner as Jesus. Many horror films use inverted crosses as part of their imagery and marketing, especially if the film involves demonic themes. In Hollywood films like Rosemarys Baby and The Conjuring, upside down crosses are associated with demonic activity and overall evilness to viscerally creep the audience out. Also, Ghost uses an inverted cross bisecting the letter G as their logo, the Grucifix. Playboi Carti is known to wear two diamond encrusted pendants of the cross during his performances. Neubecker, 106-107.www.crosscrucifix.com. Because the Roman Catholic Church views each pope as a successor of St. Peter, the inverted cross is commonly connected with popes. The famous French occultist liphas Lvi wrote that Vintras wore the cross on his robes to demonstrate his satanic inclinations. [7] At the end of Rosemary's Baby, an upside down cross hangs over the bassinet containing Satan's son. The symbolic nature of the upside down cross is best determined by its context. Therefore, the Papacy is often represented by symbols that are also used to represent Peter, one example being the Petrine Cross.[2]. TheCross of Saint Peter, also known as thePetrine Cross, is an invertedLatin cross that has historically been used as a Christian emblem, but has also been utilized as an anti-Christian symbol in recent years. In the book of Ezekiel, the Tau cross was said to be a sign placed on the foreheads of God's chosen ones who wished to be saved. Depending on who you ask, the inverted cross serves either as a symbol of humble Christian faith or of satanic ideals. In Christianity, it is associated with the martyrdom of Peter the Apostle. Playboi Carti is known to wear two diamond encrusted pendants of the cross during his performances. There is an extensive history of theCross of St. Peteror the inverted Latin cross. English: Image of a cross of St. Peter. This is not correct to me. St. Francis and St. Anthony are associated with the tau cross. Get our Question of the Week delivered right to your inbox! Papal Cross. Digital marketing of the project by agency Kainoto. In Christianity, it is associated with the martyrdom of Peter the Apostle. The inverted cross is also a recurring motif in punk rock, black metal, and heavy metal, where it is embraced as symbol of anti-authoritarianism and defiance (but not necessarily Anti-Christian), and is featured in the iconography of punk-themed fashion label Cheap Monday, hip-hop collective Odd Future, worn by fictional bassist Murdoc Niccals of Gorillaz, one of the symbols associated with synthwave artist Carpenter Brut and throughout the rock opera American Idiot based on the music of Green Day. In that sense, this cross is sometimes considered as a symbol of humility. A teacher by profession and engineer by The Franciscan Order uses the tau cross because it is St. Francis' symbol. Then does Paul obtain a birth suited to Roman citizenship, when in Rome he springs to life again ennobled by martyrdom. Deutsch: Abbildung eines Petruskreuzes , ein auf dem Kopf stehendes Lateinisches Kreuz , das den Heiligen Petrus symbolisiert. In John 21:18, Jesus predicted the desperate nature of Peters eventual death: Very truly I tell you, when you were younger you dressed yourself and went where you wanted; but when you are old you will stretch out your hands, and someone else will dress you and lead you where you do not want to go.. It is related with the martyrdom of St. Peter the Apostle in Christian tradition. Starting with the 1960s, several TV productions and movie franchises featured the inverted cross as a symbol representing the Antichrist and Satan making it one of the most popular satanic symbols today. The Cross of Saint Peter is quite literally an inverted version of the regular cross known, the Christian cross turned on its head. St. Peter's Cross is an upside-down cross, which is a type of cross that was used as a way to torture and execute people in the Middle Ages. Christian Cross Variants Naturally, we will start our list with the variants of the Christian cross and when we say Christian cross, the first thing that comes to mind is, of course, the plain, old Latin cross. The black butterfly, , 2023 Symbols and Meanings - Your Ultimate Guide for Symbolism, Upside Down Cross Meaning, Symbolism And Tattoo Ideas (Saint Peters/Petrine Cross), Different Types Of Crosses And Their Meanings Christian Cross Variants, Greek Goddess Hera Symbols, Sacred Animals And Plants The Goddess of Marriage, Women, Family And Childbirth, The Eight Auspicious Symbols of Buddhism And Their Meanings, Witch Symbols of Protection and Everyday Witchcraft, Greek Omega Symbol: Meaning, History And Uses Explained, Symbols of Strength And Perseverance (Including Animals, Tattoo Meanings And Ideas), 9 Fascinating Norse Patterns and Their Meanings, Greek God Symbols, Sacred Animals And Plants, Ancient Egyptian Symbols And Their Meanings. The following 16 files are in this category, out of 16 total. After Peter made his profession of faith in Jesus as the Messiah and the Son of the living God (Mt 16:16), Jesus said, "I will give you the keys to the kingdom of heaven. The symbol originates from the Catholic tradition that when sentenced to death, Peter requested that his cross be upside down, as he felt unworthy of being crucified in the same manner as Jesus. In popular culture, such as in music and movies, the upside down cross can mean anti-Christian and Satanist sentiments specifically or rebellion against social and political power in general. NOTE: Did not originate as a non-Christian or anti-Christian symbol, is still used as a Christian symbol in many contexts. Inverted Cross. The Pentagram is the main Wicca symbol. The Petrine Cross is also associated with the papacy, reflecting the Catholic belief that the pope is the successor of Peter as bishop of Rome. Ichthys, or the Christian fish, also known as the Jesus Fish, was an early secret Christian symbol. Starting with the 1960s, several TV productions and movie franchises featured the Cross of Saint Peter as a symbol representing the Antichrist and Satan making it one of the most popular satanic symbols today. In De Prscriptione 36 (c. A.D. 200), Tertullian writes: If thou art near Italy, thou hast Rome where authority is ever within reach. Under "Add your personalization," the text box will tell you what the seller needs to know. The origin of the symbol comes from the Catholic tradition that Simon Peter was crucified upside down, as told by Origen of Alexandria. Continue reading the article, In todays post, we will be delving into the meaning and symbolism behind one of the most popular symbols in the world, namely, the cross. What Does an Upside Down Cross (Inverted Cross) Really Mean? It is believed that Peter requested this form of crucifixion as he felt he was unworthy to be crucified in the same manner that Jesus died. Ad vertisement from shop Deathwitch666. According to Roman Catholicism, Catholic bishops as a body are considered successors to the apostles (apostolic succession) and the Bishop of Rome is the successor to Saint Peter, who is considered as the first Catholic Pope. Satanism also uses a number of other symbols, each of which carries its own significant meaning. Examples include The Conjuring and Paranormal Activity. Therefore, the Papacy is often represented by symbols that are also used to represent Peter, one example being the Keys of Heaven and another the Petrine Cross. The Baphomet sign has a goats head inside the inverted Pentagram. In Christianity, it is associated with the martyrdom of Peter the Apostle. Many symbols were transformed and associated with several different meanings as time passed. Papal regalia and insignia. Each zodiac sign has certain personality traits associated with it. [3], Over time, the inverted cross came to be known more commonly as an occult symbol. The Pentagram is a five-pointed star and is believed to have magical powers. This lowercase T-shaped cross is associated with the crucifixion of Jesus Christ. The Pope, being the successor of Peter, employs the symbol of the upside down cross as a symbolic reminder of St. Peters humility and heroic martyrdom. When she's not working, Vanessa enjoys spending time with her family, reading, exercising, and watching professional basketball. The Apostles[edit] Main article: Apostles in the New Testament Depictions of The Apostles The Synaxisof the Twelve Apostles. Aquarius is the eleventh zodiac sign, and Lilith is among the most popular and interesting characters of the creation myths. Moreover, the inverted cross is also used in many horror movies, especially for marketing purposes and to present themes. The symbol originates from the Catholic tradition that when sentenced to death, Peter requested that . The Petrine cross is one of the several symbols of papacy and it is considered to represent the fact that the Pope is the successor of Saint Peter (as he was the first Pope) according to Catholic tradition. ThePentagramor the Pentacle is a popular Satanic symbol used by Wiccans. What particular counseling or therapy i have to go. Even though he had to suffer a lot, he did not open his mouth to utter a word, just like the lamb letting itself get slaughtered. We can trace back the testimony of Peters martyrdom to the earliest Christian writers, including Origen, Eusebius of Caesarea, St. Clement of Rome, St. Ignatius of Antioch, St. Irenaeus, and Tertullian. The Bishop of Rome was the successor of Peter and was regarded as the first Catholic pope. The famous French occultist liphas Lvi wrote that this was a sign of Vintras's satanic inclinations. In his Ecclesiastical History (c. A.D. 325), Eusebius of Caesarea writes: Peter appears to have preached in Pontus, Galatia, Bithynia, Cappadocia, and Asia to the Jews of the dispersion. The 12 zodiac signs and constellations in astrology divide the sky into 12 sections. However, these details of Peters death were not explicitly recorded in the Bible. This is because, based on the beliefs of Roman Catholicism, Bishops are the Apostles successors. An upside-down Latin cross is also known as an inverted cross, Petrine Cross, or Cross of St. Peter. The tradition first appears in the "Martyrdom of Peter", a fragmented text found in, but possibly predating, the apocryphal Acts of Peter, which was written no later than 200 A.D. . This was the only meaning behind the upside down cross until the beginning of the 19th century. The symbols of the four Evangelistsare here depicted in the Book of Kells. Origen also told the story of the upside-down cross of Alexandria, which became the symbol of St. Peters humility. Carlo Crivelli, Saints Peter and Paul, probably 1470s Saints Peter and Paul Carlo Crivelli probably 1470s The inverted cross is sometimes associated with the pope, who Catholics believe can trace his authority back to Peter. In Christianity, the St. Peters Cross represents Saint Peter who was crucified upside down because he did not feel worthy to die in the same way as Jesus. The 19th century occult leader Eugne Vintras, known for his claim to be the reincarnation of the Prophet Elijah, was the first to wear the inverted cross. Vintras wore robes bearing the inverted cross. In Christianity, it is associated with the martyrdom of Peter the Apostle. Vanessa's liberal arts background has prepared her well for Symbol Scholar. Then is Peter girt by another, when he is made fast to the cross. According to Roman Catholicism, the pope is Peter's successor as bishop of Rome. Jerome, who was born nearly 300 years after Peter died, affirmed that Peter was crucified upside down.

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