Maybe it was Sloan Museum or some place like that. I am a flintstone and yes I remem alot of gang in flint "top dogs, smurfs, smurfettes, georgetown boys, pierson hood, project boys, terrece boys and terrece girls, beecher boys , the big pussy wussy crew, Cobras, Fila boys, Adidas crew, And that is to name a few of my time I remember fight after merrill(an elementry school dance), Internantionl skating rink, playland,Genesee Valley it was always something happening there, I remember skip parties in forest park (when it was safe), IMA back to school dance, Berston Feild House Dances in the summer. However, defendant Gonzalez also argues that the evidence supporting his solicitation conviction is ambiguous with regard to the date the offense occurred. We're in the well-manicured backyard of my grandparent's house on Illinois Avenue, which is a reminder of how meticulous parts of Flint used to be. (Spanish Cobras, Kings, etc) When I go to Chicago I be on the Southside in GD hood I dont be in the Latin hoods so idk nothing about them. Therefore, defendant Gonzalez's maximum sentence for racketeering, thirty years, is within the statutory limit. Michigan accounted for 20 of the total arrests, all of which came from Detroit and Flint. The trial court sentenced defendant Gonzalez as a second-offense habitual offender, M.C.L. Simple theme. Latin Count (Detroit) The Cobras are considered the second-largest Latino gang on the north and northwest side, with the Maniac Latin Disciples being the first. If you believe that your copyrighted work has been copied in a way that constitutes copyright infringement and is accessible on this site, you may notify our copyright agent, as set forth in the Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 (DMCA). (iii)At least 1 of the incidents occurred within this state on or after the effective date of the amendatory act that added this section, and the last of the incidents occurred within 10 years after the commission of any prior incident, excluding any period of imprisonment served by a person engaging in the racketeering activity. Defendant Guerra called Parrish in his case-in-chief, apparently to mitigate the testimony of a prosecution witness. Of the total arrests,13 were members of Detroit-based gangs, includingthe Latin Count, 18th Street, Cheddda Avenue and Surenos. Chedda Ave (Detroit) As part of an investigation of the Spanish Cobras, Michigan State Trooper Dale Girke made several undercover drug transactions to discover the drug source. Defendant Guerra argues that even if the jurisdictional issue is moot, we should still address the instructional issue because the trial court also instructed the jury that this alleged conduct may be considered when determining guilt on Count II [possession with intent to deliver less than fifty grams of cocaine]. Although the jury was permitted to consider evidence of the alleged juvenile conduct, it found that there was insufficient evidence to establish that this conduct occurred. The subject of defendant Gonzalez's solicitation first testified about a sale of marijuana that occurred in the summer of 1997. No decisions have been made, but one development firm, informally known as the Harvard Group, hopes to repurpose and restore the Central High School-Whittier Classical Academy campus. RICO recognizes two types of enterprises. 361, 375, 624 N.W.2d 227 (2001), citing Carines, supra at 766-767, 597 N.W.2d 130. They made a lot of money the wrong way, Man how I love growing up in the city of FLINT. All rights reserved (About Us). We disagree. As part of an investigation of the Spanish Cobras, Michigan State Trooper Dale Girke made several undercover drug transactions to discover the drug source. As discussed above, the legislative sentencing guidelines do not apply to defendant Gonzalez's convictions. FLINT, MI - The murder of a 22-year-old Flint man whose body was found after more than a year after he was reported missing was an internal gang act, with one member of the Insane Spanish. I grew up in the South end early 1950's & remember the leather jacket gang & the southend didn't mess with the northend. Now I can't locate it. I was there a few years ago, nice city. The evidence was material in that defendant's participation in the affairs of the Spanish Cobras was at issue during his trial. Given these circumstances, the trial court did not err in determining that the police conduct was reasonable. Gang-related violence and criminal activity present an ongoing challenge for law enforcement everywhere. Some of these transactions were surveilled by Flint police officers, who ultimately searched Jose Diaz's home finding a safe containing $3,600. Relevant evidence may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence. MRE 403. The right of individuals to be secure against unreasonable searches and seizures is guaranteed by both the federal and state constitutions. If you had the chance to live in FLINT back in the good old days you can live anywhere in the USA . 59, 65, 644 N.W.2d 790 (2002). A. Regarding evidence of the criminal activities of others, I agree that evidence concerning the album seized from Jose Diaz's home was relevant and admissible. To begin with, we note that defendant Guerra did not object to the admission of similar-acts evidence, nor does he argue on appeal that the evidence was improperly admitted. 101, 124, 631 N.W.2d 67 (2001). Lostca lot of friends b ack then Northside carpenter dort area .good times .still here still alive .and they all said chrisxwoodsxwas gonna die by 30 ..56 now . at 65, 644 N.W.2d 790, quoting People v. Compeau, 244 Mich.App. As part of an investigation of the Spanish Cobras, Michigan State Trooper Dale Girke A determination of the prejudicial effect of evidence is best left to a contemporaneous assessment of the presentation, credibility, and effect of testimony by the trial judge. People v. Bahoda, 448 Mich. 261, 291, 531 N.W.2d 659 (1995), quoting People v. VanderVliet, 444 Mich. 52, 81, 508 N.W.2d 114 (1993). I am still dancing in my spare time and was just in a dance production recently. Or in a wheel chair. MCR 2.515(C). MCL 333.7401(2)(a)(iv). The remaining 283 claimed no gang affiliation but were arrested on either criminal or administrative charges. We find that the challenged conduct did not constitute plain error because the prosecutor introduced the evidence on the basis of Lieutenant Hagler's declared status as an expert witness in the area of street-gang investigation and practices. Use of and/or registration on any portion of this site constitutes acceptance of our User Agreement (updated 4/4/2023), Privacy Policy and Cookie Statement, and Your Privacy Choices and Rights (updated 1/26/2023). The trial court did not err in applying the judicial guidelines because the offenses of which defendants were convicted occurred before January 1, 1999. Lorenzo A. Pacheco, 31 of Mt. As General Motors closed plants in the city, which led to a high unemployment rate, the unfair housing practices and improper planning and suburbanization of the city contributed to its woes, while many white families were beginning to leave the actual city of Flint around the 1960s. Be an expert in no time! C.Proportionality of Defendant Gonzalez's Sentences. Spanish Cobras (Flint) Therefore, we find the trial court did not err in imposing consecutive sentences for these offenses. Agents say four gang members with the Spanish Cobras, in Flint, would get kids addicted. While I agree with the result reached by the majority, I write separately because my reasoning differs on several issues. 1. 463, 465-468, 648 N.W.2d 221 (2002). Flintexpats.com respects the intellectual property of others. Defendant now argues that Parrish's agreement with the prosecutor to give truthful testimony in exchange for a more lenient sentence was admissible to show her bias toward the prosecution. at 517-518, 583 N.W.2d 199 (citations omitted). 333.7407a(2). Specifically, defendant Guerra argues that the prosecutor improperly elicited the testimony of Lieutenant Hagler regarding names of other gang members whose identities were derived from hearsay and gang profiles. I think we'd gone on some sort of field trip and my mom drove us. 333.7407a(3), defendant Gonzalez could be sentenced for his solicitation conviction to the penalty for the crime he or she solicited, induced, or intimidated another person to commit. The sentence that can be imposed for possession of less than fifty grams of cocaine with intent to deliver is not less than one year nor more than twenty years. This happens to be the most popular post in the history of Flint Expatriates, originally published March 19, 2008. Use of and/or registration on any portion of this site constitutes acceptance of our User Agreement (updated 4/4/2023), Privacy Policy and Cookie Statement, and Your Privacy Choices and Rights (updated 1/26/2023). I recall a fantastic article in the Urinal circa 1983 that listed dozens of Flint gangs. 769.10, he could be sentenced to a maximum term that was not more than 1-1/2 times the longest term prescribed for the offense. House Legislative Analysis, HB 4367, January 12, 1996. In this case, defendant Gonzalez was convicted of soliciting Ryan Pinkston to possess less than fifty grams of cocaine with intent to deliver. Iremember when selby hood that is another gang the selby hood posse. They have also been known to have territory in surrounding suburbs such as Cicero and Waukegan as well as in other cities such as Milwaukee and Detroit. The album contained photographs of Diaz, defendants, and others making gang signs. We also note that defendant Guerra did not object to the evidence of the offense when it was admitted at trial. After the cost-effective option for supplying water to Flint was instituted, residents noticed very unpleasant features of the water, from its color to the actual smell. We disagree. People v. Pesquera, 244 Mich.App. This evidence tended to demonstrate defendant's leadership role in the Spanish Cobras. English to Spanish A. I conclude that the trial court erred in refusing to allow defendant Guerra to question Parrish regarding her plea agreement. So many priests and nuns live here and build churches. People v. Denio, 454 Mich. 691, 698-699, 564 N.W.2d 13 (1997). Therefore, this evidence was also relevant. 393, 419, 608 N.W.2d 502 (2000). People v. Babcock, 250 Mich.App. On the front of the album was Diaz's photograph cut in a diamond shape, a Spanish Cobras symbol. We disagree. However, as a second-offense habitual offender, M.C.L. During the execution of the search warrant at Diaz's home on March 17, 1998, police officers discovered a photo album covered in green and black, the Spanish Cobras' colors. I (& others ) went thru. Tha OG Topp Dawg ! After the industrial activities in Flint significantly declined because of the closure of plants of General Motors and the unemployment rate in the city rose significantly, a lot of families that could afford to move away from the city to more promising locations, did just that. I'm from the 60s .ran the street .mex miffe and cob r sa .deveils decides. The remaining 280 were arrested on administrative immigration violations. Accordingly, we find no abuse of discretion. Contact Tresa Baldas: tbaldas@freepress.com. An all female gang on the east side?!? The only thing that hasn't changed is that my grandparents still live there. Morris, a member of the Spanish Cobras gang, was sentenced by U.S. District Court Judge Matthew F. Leitman Wednesday, Oct. 6 to 63 months in prison following his. Defendant Guerra next argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress evidence found in his home. If an habitual offender's underlying felony and criminal history demonstrate that he is unable to conform his conduct to the law, a sentence within the statutory limit is proportionate. Id. Lieutenant Hagler was also aware of threats made to the police by Spanish Cobra members, including defendant Guerra's cousin. Before trial, the three individuals entered guilty pleas and testified at trial. Flint was so much a hub for manufacturing automobiles that it became known as the Vehicle City with the establishments responsible for the automobile manufacturing activities in Flint including General Motors which was founded in the city. Defendant Gonzalez also argues that the trial court erred in imposing a disproportionate sentence. 511, 517, 583 N.W.2d 199 (1998). This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed. Of the total arrested, two-thirds were U.S. citizens, one-third were foreign nationalsfrom 21 countries in South and Central America, Asia, Africa, Europe and the Caribbean. 18th Street (Detroit) (r)A violation of section 213, concerning extortion. FLINT, MI The murder of a 22-year-old Flint man whose body was found after more than a year after he was reported missing was an internal gang act, with one member of the Insane Spanish Cobras killing another, according to court testimony. Courtesy Linda Parton/Shutterstock.com. DBoyz ring a bell. Defendant Guerra argues that the purpose of admitting this evidence was to establish that Lieutenant Hagler was a gang expert. Powered by. Of the1,378 total arrested, 1,095 were confirmed as gang members and affiliates, authorities say. Spanish to Go offers introductory courses you can take to learn Spanish online at your own pace. They'd instigate fights between younger white and black kids and a couple of times, they would try to compel me to fight an old friend of mine from Summerfield, just because he was black. Generally, items that are seized during an unlawful search or that are the indirect results of an unlawful search may not be admitted as evidence against a defendant under the exclusionary rule. An abuse of discretion is found only if an unprejudiced person, considering the facts on which the trial court acted, would say that there was no justification or excuse for the ruling made. Anyway, here's my list- 1980s: Top Dawgs, Bad Boys Inc., Smurfs Inc. (no joke, a fairly large gang in the early/mid 80s), Westside Warlords, Westside Rockers, Yellowjackets, Mexican Mafia, Acapony Stonyonys, Southside Boys, Greens (Saginaw). This Court reviews the sentence of an habitual offender for an abuse of discretion. People v. Sabin (After Remand), 463 Mich. 43, 67, 614 N.W.2d 888 (2000). 250, 254, 611 N.W.2d 316 (2000). For some reason perhaps for snacks we stopped by my grandma's on the way back to school. IV; Const. 597, 599, 569 N.W.2d 525 (1997). 459, 461-462, 617 N.W.2d 363 (2000), and seizures of items in plain view if the officers are lawfully in the position from which they view the item, and if the item's incriminating character is immediately apparent, People v. Champion, 452 Mich. 92, 101, 549 N.W.2d 849 (1996). Defendants were convicted pursuant to M.C.L. I toured it right before it closed. Id. 1990s: Insane Spanish Cobra Nation, Vice Lords . With the majority of the urban community residing on the citys North Side, a section that has become famously known for areas like Dayton Street or Merrill Hood, the heart of Flint is located just north of downtown. FindLaw.com Free, trusted legal information for consumers and legal professionals, SuperLawyers.com Directory of U.S. attorneys with the exclusive Super Lawyers rating, Abogado.com The #1 Spanish-language legal website for consumers, LawInfo.com Nationwide attorney directory and legal consumer resources. I recently learned that the photo at the top of the post was printed out and posted at the Flint Police Dept. 1.6K views, 27 likes, 6 loves, 10 comments, 29 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from Wrong to Strong: The #SpanishCobras is a primarily, but not exclusively, Latino gang started by Puerto Rican teens in. The Spanish Cobras are a primarily Hispanic gang operating on the North and south sides of Chicago. Defense counsel objected after the jury was excused and deliberations commenced. Const., Am. at 64, 644 N.W.2d 790. Whether the trial court properly sentenced a defendant to consecutive sentences is a question of statutory interpretation that is reviewed de novo. Id. The prosecution elicited further testimony about this matter on cross-examination. None of the witnesses at the scene could describe the vehicle from which the weapon was fired, nor could they identify any of the individuals riding in that vehicle. Study Spanish grammar, learn the rules, and know-how and when to apply them. Sherman Ave, Pierson Hood Posse 4aLiFe!We came up under the top gang in Flint History the D Boyz, everybody in Flint knows what it is,Pierson Hood Posse we ran Holmes Middle School. Was the gang photograph on the first day of school? Within a once thriving community the Flint Michigan ghetto has moved on from the days of an active workforce and a sustainable economy as today is a shadow of Flints previous generations as the city suffers from multiple issues which range from poverty to the water crisis. A decision on a close evidentiary question ordinarily cannot be an abuse of discretion. When the officers executed the arrest warrant against defendant Guerra, Lieutenant Hagler knew that Guerra was a member of the Spanish Cobras, and that Guerra sold narcotics and used guns. MCL 750.159f(c) defines a pattern of racketeering activity as follows: Pattern of racketeering activity means not less than 2 incidents of racketeering to which all of the following characteristics apply: (i)The incidents have the same or a substantially similar purpose, result, participant, victim, or method of commission, or are otherwise interrelated by distinguishing characteristics and are not isolated acts. 280 were arrested on immigration violations. Pursuant to M.C.L. It is particularly known that within the period of a decade, from 2003 to 2104, about 55 million dollars of revenue was diverted from Flint, an act that contributed to the water crisis of the city that had several spillover effects. Gangster gets 13.5 years for revenge; ordered AK-47 hit on mom, 3 kids, 5 gang members enter guilty pleas to racketeering conspiracy. Id. It wasn't done because we looked so menacing but to gently poke fun at Marcus, who's now a homicide detective. Those arrested in Michigan include 13 from Detroit and seven from Flint, investigators said. Them fellas incorporated 5th ward rollettes skating rink. People of the State of Michigan, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. David Anthony Guerra, Defendant-Appellant. Q. Stay up-to-date with how the law affects your life. Because of the lack of measures of revenue generation and economic development activities, the city accrued deficits which lead to the implementation of emergency cost-effective measures of running the city: a decision that led to the water crisis of the city. In June 1998, Flint police officers executed felony arrest warrants regarding eleven individuals, including defendant Guerra. Denio, supra at 691, 564 N.W.2d 13. 27, 46, 597 N.W.2d 176 (1999). Cobra Gang Members Flint's Eastside. 333.7401(3) to require consecutive sentencing for a defendant convicted of conspiracy to commit one of the enumerated offenses. In four years, the operation known as theDetroit One initiative hasled to the arrest ofmore than 100 gang suspects. The Spanish Cobras is a primarily, but not exclusively, Latino gang started by Puerto Rican teenagers in Chicago during the late 1950s. IMOB (Flint-based gang) Q. It is noteworthy that the residents of Flint are very involved in the development and restoration of the city. A prison food worker at a Jackson-area prison was fired Wednesday after she and am inmate were caught having sex in the kitchen, a Corrections Department spokesman said Thursday. Because of the influx of workers into the city, especially during the early 1900s, and the central manufacturing activities that took place within Flint all helped the citys population growth from a few tens of thousands to over 100,000 as many found employment opportunities in many of the citys factories. Some were headed for home and some for the corner bar, but all with the determined step of an army after a battle won. We will not reverse a conviction if the instructions fairly presented the issues to be tried and sufficiently protected the defendant's rights. 149, 154, 455 N.W.2d 51 (1990), there is no such error here because defense counsel called Parrish to testify and elicited her testimony about defendant Guerra's threat. The jury did not find defendant Gonzalez guilty of this offense. Generally, all relevant evidence is admissible. The people here are always kind and helpful.They even take care of the homeless people. To preserve an instructional error for review, a defendant must object to the instruction before the jury deliberates. Negative activities and occurrences that have plagued the city since as far back as the 1960s, can lead some to claim that these are some of the causes of the citys well publicized poverty and crime rate in the Flint Michigan ghetto. Given the other evidence that established the existence of the Spanish Cobras and their activities, no plain error affecting defendants' substantial rights occurred when the jury heard this testimony. People v. Aldrich, 246 Mich.App. Even if it was plain error, it could not have affected defendant Guerra's substantial rights because the complained of conduct occurred during a small portion of the direct examination of one witness and did not infect the entire trial. An intimate, indepth exploration of the past, present, and future of Flint, Michigan. ", The Ultimate List of Bars, Lounges, and Taverns, Flint Maps: The Long Lost St. John St. Of the total arrests,13 were members of Detroit-based gangs, including the Latin Count, 18th Street, Cheddda Avenue and Surenos. It was the early 1980s. When Hagler approached defendant Guerra's house, he noticed defendant Guerra behind an Armorguard door. That garage looks a lot like my grandma's old house. Actual delivery is not required to prove intent to deliver. People v. Fetterley, 229 Mich.App. Standard of Review and Generally Applicable Law. The court noted that justification for this departure was found in defendant Gonzalez's criminal history. People v. Kazmierczak, 461 Mich. 411, 418, 605 N.W.2d 667 (2000); Beuschlein, supra at 749, 630 N.W.2d 921. Rather, he argues that the trial court, in response to the jury's inquiry, improperly instructed the jury that it could consider all the relevant evidence introduced during the course of this trial on the element of intent in order to determine whether the possession of cocaine was possession with intent to deliver cocaine.4 Defendant Guerra does not contest that the evidence was properly considered in relation to his racketeering charge. This Court reviews for clear error a trial court's ruling on a motion to suppress evidence. Calling it a record sweep, the federal government announced today the arrests of 1,378 people who were targeted in a six-week-long operation that took down some of the nation's most dangerous gang members,from alleged drug dealers and killers to allegedhuman smugglers and sex traffickers, the government said. 933 of the arrests were U.S. citizens and 45 were foreign nationals. People v. Snider, 239 Mich.App. We moved there in 1976 764 E. Gillespie . The Most dangerous City n the United States so none of it was worth it , not to mention the incarceration yrs. Our inquiry is instead limited to whether the trial court properly instructed the jury. Filmmaker Michael Moore described Teardown as "a brilliant chronicle of the Mad Maxization of a once-great American city." I grew up on the southside on ossington ave off of fenton rd in the 80's & 90's , southside blood , broom park was the best, fights at the catwalk every weekend. Our efforts to dismantle gangs are much more effective in areas where partnership with local law enforcement is strongest.. 750.159i(1): A person employed by, or associated with, an enterprise shall not knowingly conduct or participate in the affairs of the enterprise directly or indirectly through a pattern of racketeering activity. MCL 750.159f(a) defines enterprise as an individual, sole proprietorship, partnership, corporation, limited liability company, trust, union, association, governmental unit, or other legal entity or a group or persons associated in fact although not a legal entity. The material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of Advance Local. 511, 515, 616 N.W.2d 703 (2000). I remember when the Coba (torn down now) was the hot spot flint has it ups and down like everywhere ele and I believe that the police killed Juice. Four members of the Insane Spanish Cobra gang in Michigan are accused of taking turns to rape a 13-year-old girl and then tattooing her with gang insignia. I agree that any error in admitting Lt. Gary Hagler's testimony regarding various individuals' membership in the gang did not affect the outcome of the trial. It was reasonable to perform a protective sweep of the house, including the basement, to ensure that no individuals were hiding in the house. In closing arguments Thursday, Cook County Assistant State's Attorney Mark Shlifka. Initially, claims of the unhealthiness of the water delivered to homes was denied until research showed a highly unhealthy level of lead in the water as well as the blood of children. More Local Journalism to Love Start today for 50% off Expires 4/30/23. The officers knew that other individuals affiliated with the Spanish Cobras, including some wanted for assaultive crimes and murder, were still at large and could be hiding in defendant Guerra's home. 262, 269, 643 N.W.2d 253 (2002). (good times & BAD) 1 thing about my neighborhood (SelbyHood) we really stuck together. I grew up on the corner of Sunny & Sterling Street. V.Jurisdiction Over Predicate Juvenile Offense. Very scary stuff the neighborhood guys got together and there was a small riot.. And in the 50's strike at the plant.Fisher body that is. Defendant Guerra next argues that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting evidence of an assault that was allegedly ordered by him. Hello Gordy, or do you go by Gordon now? Possession with intent to deliver less than fifty grams of cocaine is prohibited by M.C.L. 5. Unhealthy levels of feacal coliform was also found in the tap water across Flint. "HSI will continue to aggressively target these organizations and combat the violence that they spread in our communities.". Flintstone repper here..dont forget the 6 o's and the D Boys and the project ninjas too. The Insane Spanish Cobra Nation are members of the Folks alliance and considered the second-largest Latino Folk gang on the north and west side, with the Maniac Latin Disciples being the first. selby hood. ICE Acting Director Thomas Homan said in a press release that this has been an ongoing issue and is reliant on local law enforcement to end the threat that gangs pose. Surenos (Detroit). Both of these items were immediately recognizable as contraband and were located in plain view. Moreover, defendant Gonzalez was a second-offense habitual offender, having previously been convicted of cocaine possession. Therefore, the alleged instructional error did not affect defendant Guerra's substantial rights. Real shit! This latest operation clearly shows our collective resolve to attack and dismantle the street gangs that are threatening our communities," said Steve Francis, acting special agent in charge of HSI Detroit. So basically, Im trying to stay young. 1, 11. As residents of Flint contested the quality of tap water they received, corrective efforts such as the door-to-door delivery of bottled water to homes without a faucet filter were instituted. Efforts are underway to restore the glory of Flint or at least make the more habitable. Id. Of the 1,378 arrests, 1,098 were on federal or state charges, including 21 with murder-related charges and seven for rape and sexual assault. To the extent that the trial court's decision is based on an interpretation of the law, our review is de novo. I really don't remember wearing that plaid outfit, but I must admit I was rather stylish.Wow, so you have your own column and live in San Francisco - how exciting! Lorenzo A. Pacheco, 31 of Mt. In 2013, after the appointment of an emergency manager because of the deficits which the city had accrued, the emergency management team decided that the piping of water from Detroit was too expensive. But now I'm grown up and live in south carolina so different , miss flint everyday shout out to Chris Reed, Mike London, jay english, RIP Matt (boogie man) Booker flint in the 90's best times in my life. U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcements Homeland Security Investigations, ran from March 26 through May 6. Find out how to refer to the past, present, and future. Whenever I go there to visit, I give long, weary glances at the myriad abandoned houses that dot the old neighborhood, silently recalling the names of old friends who once occupied them. They represented the following gangs: IMOB; Spanish Cobras and East Side Crips; Latin Count;. My old hood. According to the records from the Census Bureau of 2017, Michigan has the 13th largest black population in the US with a notable population in many of the states cities and not just Detroit.

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