It is inspired by writers such as Charles Dickens, who wrote about Victorian-era public health concerns, and the American novelist Upton Sinclair, as well as by global activists, such as Ken Saro-Wiwa, who was executed for his protests against ecological devastation in Nigeria, and Michiko Ishimure, who wrote about Minamata disease and the effects of mercury poisoning. 0000203233 00000 n in 1962, but really began to take off in the 1980s. maturing ecocriticism. Today, with the development and expansion of ecocritical studies, any line between human and nonhuman nature has necessarily blurred. Ed.by Serpil Oppermann, Ufuk zda, Nevin zkan and Scott Slovic, Echoes from the Opposite Shore: Chinese Ecocritical Studies as a Transpacific Dialogue Delayed, Special Issue EJES: Dislocations and Ecologies, Special Forum on Ecocriticism and Theory: Part I: "An Alliance of the Elements", New Directions for Ecofeminism: Toward a More Feminist Ecocriticism. This emphasises the imbrication of the human in earths matrix, drawing on the insights of ecofeminism, phenomenology and biosemiotics, and has its most recent incarnation in the currently emerging eld of material ecocriticism, which, in its engagement with the complex entanglement of the human and the non-human, the social and the scientic, hints at a more dissonant paradigm. During the late-1980s poet Jack Collom was awarded a 2nd National Endowment for the Arts grant, for his ground-breaking work in this emerging genre. Eds. All ecocritics share an environmentalist motivation of some sort, but whereas the majority are 'nature endorsing',[12] some are 'nature sceptical'. Rich-ard Grove et als massive Nature and the Orient (1998), David Arnold and Ramachandra Guhas Nature, Culture, Imperialism (1995) have been significant work in the environmental history of India and Southeast Asia. However, after the eighteenth century, there emerged many voices that demanded a revaluation of the relationship between man and environment, and mans view of nature. 0000034976 00000 n A representative of second-wave ecocriticism is the 2002 Environmental Justice Reader: Politics, Poetics, and Pedagogy. Western thought has often held a more or less utilitarian attitude to nature nature is for serving human needs. "The Future of Ecocriticism: New Horizon." Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:a) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under aCreative Commons Attribution Licensethat allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal (CC BY-NC for articles and CC BY-NC-ND for creative work, unless author requests otherwise. Issue.3, 2017 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE, LITERATURE (July-Sept) 315 Dr. RABIA MUKHTAR Vol. "[17] The article is shortly followed by a thorough representation of Material Islamecocriticism in "Matter Really Matters: A Poetic Material Islamecocritical Reading of Inanimateness Animism"[18] which appeared in Kritika Kultura. Ecocriticisms second wave emerged in the 2000s through a more complex understanding of the overall history of global environmentalism and environmental justice. Certainly, Cohen adds his voice to such critique, noting that one of the problems of ecocriticism has been what he calls its "praise-song school" of criticism. 242 stream Classical is characterized by nostalgia and nature as a place for human relaxation and reflection. Educators go through a rigorous application process, and every answer they submit is reviewed by our in-house editorial team. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company (1962). from St. endobj 0000002299 00000 n endobj The first wave emphasized writing about nature as both a field of study and as a meaningful practice. (16) Waves in the Ecocritical Palimpsest It traces the origins of and describes the practice of ecocriticism during the renaissance, medieval, and romantic period and evaluates the influence of the ecoformalism of country and old-time music. "Affective Ecocriticism: Emotion, Embodiment, Environment". What is a brief description of gynocriticism in literary theory and criticism? 0000034953 00000 n 0000015680 00000 n The reflection of that difficult struggle in the area of culture and spirit speaks for the urgency of action or the urgent need to do something in this respect. Transformations: The Journal of Inclusive Scholarship and Pedagogy. 25 0 obj 0000002872 00000 n (4) Joseph Meeker in an early work, The Comedy of Survival: Studies in Literary Ecology (1972) used the term literary ecology to refer to the study of biological themes and relationships which appear in literary works. 0000007611 00000 n Environmental Humanities Center", "What is Ecocriticism? "Ecocriticism as an Economic School of Thought: Woody Allen's Match Point as Exemplary. Ecocriticism: The field of enquiry that analyzes and promotes works of art which raise moral questions about human interactions with nature, while also motivating audiences to live within a limit that will be binding over generations. 0000046871 00000 n Let's look at each of these. Donald Worsters Natures Economy (1977) became a textbook for the study of ecological thought down the ages. (2) Ecocriticism assumes that all life forms are interlinked. New York: Scribner's, 1972. Meeker, Joseph W. "The Comedy of Survival: Studies in Literary Ecology." In such a context, literary and cultural theory has begun to address the issue as a part of academic discourse. The Aesthetics of the Green Postcolonial Novel in Kiran Desais The Inheritance of Loss. 0000034087 00000 n Cambridge: Cambridge Scholarly Press, 2011. 0 simply put, ecocriticism is the study of the relationship between literature and the physical environment. Ecocriticism does not confine itself to the imaginitive literatures, but also likes to include writings from non-literary disciplines such as ecology, anthropology, natural sciences, psychology,. New York: Rodopi, 2007. This branch is often called radical ecofeminism because it reverses the domination of men over women and nature. Ecocriticism, the study of human-nature relations in literature, lm and othercultural expressions, has rapidly become established in the eld of literary theorysince its inception in the early 1990s.1Ecocritics initially focused on American naturewriting, the British Romantics and environmentally oriented non-ction. %PDF-1.4 % They also critique visions that are human-centered and man/male centered. Cloud State University M.A. As Glotfelty noted in The Ecocriticism Reader, "One indication of the disunity of the early efforts is that these critics rarely cited one another's work; they didn't know that it existedEach was a single voice howling in the wilderness. XnE7;\ *=P@%.dv\lkZR"0EHaHTT)iR"0ggB*+8hWjwPAYCfefWJWW y$PNS g:Ouu}*U W7o`_E}}*]|`iXpn_ This wave also led to the ecojustice movement by examining the way that the poorest and most oppressed members of a population fall victim to the most adverse effects of climate change and environmental degradation. Ecologically minded individuals and scholars have been publishing progressive works of ecotheory and criticism since the explosion of environmentalism in the late 1960s and 1970s. 0000021858 00000 n Part I. Alberta Natasia Adji_Island of the Aunts: Growing Sensibility toward Environment in Children's Literature. Ecocriticism is the result of this new consciousness: that very soon, there will be nothing beautiful (or safe) in nature to discourse about, unless we are very careful. 40 0 obj %%EOF << /Type /Font /Subtype /CIDFontType2 /DW 750 /W [ 3 [ 277 295 389 556 556 833 814 204 333 333 500 605 277 333 277 277 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 277 277 605 605 605 443 736 722 722 722 777 722 666 777 833 407 556 777 666 943 814 777 666 777 722 629 666 814 722 980 704 704 610 333 605 333 605 500 333 556 556 443 574 500 333 537 610 314 295 592 314 889 610 500 574 556 443 462 389 610 537 777 537 537 480 333 605 333 605 722 722 722 722 814 777 814 556 556 556 556 556 556 443 500 500 500 500 314 314 314 314 610 500 500 500 500 500 610 610 610 610 500 399 556 556 500 605 605 574 736 736 1000 333 333 548 1000 777 712 548 548 548 704 576 494 712 822 548 273 333 299 768 795 500 443 295 605 548 556 548 611 425 425 1000 287 722 722 777 1000 833 556 1000 389 389 204 204 548 494 537 704 166 556 258 258 610 610 500 277 204 389 1000 722 722 722 722 722 407 407 407 407 777 777 790 777 814 814 814 314 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 666 314 629 462 610 480 605 777 500 704 537 666 574 605 605 333 333 333 833 833 833 666 777 537 407 629 462 722 443 722 443 574 500 333 333 722 556 722 556 777 650 777 722 500 722 500 962 610 666 314 666 385 666 327 814 610 814 610 732 777 500 722 443 722 443 629 462 666 389 666 389 814 610 814 610 610 480 610 480 645 780 780 529 460 430 578 410 546 500 204 389 537 396 1288 846 422 1000 500 1000 500 1000 500 500 979 719 605 604 354 354 604 354 333 722 556 722 443 722 443 722 500 722 500 722 500 777 537 777 537 777 537 833 610 833 610 407 314 407 314 407 314 407 314 556 295 777 592 591 666 314 814 610 793 583 777 500 777 500 722 443 629 462 666 389 814 610 814 610 814 610 814 610 980 777 704 537 319 722 556 1000 795 777 500 333 333 722 277 788 916 500 800 840 836 368 722 722 620 616 722 610 833 777 407 777 722 943 814 748 777 833 666 610 666 704 850 704 1028 777 407 704 555 467 602 368 580 555 514 537 500 467 439 602 556 368 592 547 610 537 437 500 627 528 437 512 465 580 623 576 805 632 368 580 500 580 632 722 800 620 707 629 407 407 556 1097 1116 900 756 737 833 722 717 722 620 792 722 1025 652 843 843 756 814 943 833 777 833 666 721 666 737 873 704 831 770 1092 1099 831 1032 680 712 1076 743 556 513 537 458 570 500 804 467 620 620 577 616 708 626 500 614 574 443 486 537 755 537 621 568 869 869 619 757 526 452 748 577 500 610 458 451 462 314 314 295 833 847 610 577 537 625 542 359 980 777 980 777 980 777 704 537 ] 583 [ 204 556 556 1077 600 833 833 833 833 600 605 604 600 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 604 1000 989 989 989 989 604 604 604 1000 1000 916 ] 658 [ 656 656 656 656 500 ] 664 [ 333 333 333 333 1000 ] ] /CIDSystemInfo << /Registry (Adobe) /Ordering (Identity) /Supplement 0 >> /BaseFont /FONTAA+Century /FontDescriptor 30 0 R >> Ecocriticism expands the notion of the world to include the entire ecosphere. It draws on contributions from natural scientists, writers, literary critics, anthropologists and historians in examining the differences between nature and its cultural construction. Sketching a broad overview of this development, I contend that transnationalization of ecocriticism does not necessarily induce an opposition between the local and global sense of place; rather, ecocriticism invites a rethinking of the local in the context of its global configurations.". What are the similarities between academic and non-academic texts? 0000010542 00000 n Ecocriticism: a young and still evolving paradigm The term ecocriticism was coined by William Rueckert in his 1978 essay Literature and Ecology: An Experiment in Ecocriticism (Glotfelty, 1996: xxviii). (3) Moreover, there is a definite link between nature and culture, where the literary treatment, representation and thematisation of land and nature influence actions on the land. Author Posting. Selvamony, Nirmal, Nirmaldasan & Rayson K. Alex. c) Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access). endobj << /FontFile2 59 0 R /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 891 /Descent -216 /Flags 32 /FontBBox [ -568 -306 2045 1039 ] /FontName /FONTAC+TimesNewRomanPSMT /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 0 /XHeight 447 /CapHeight 662 >> Accessed 1 May 2023. Who are the experts?Our certified Educators are real professors, teachers, and scholars who use their academic expertise to tackle your toughest questions. Some scholars identify three phases or waves of ecocriticism. It takes an interdisciplinary point of view by analyzing the works of authors, researchers and poets in the context of environmental issues and nature. That is, what is the link between pedagogic or creative practice and actual political, sociocultural and ethical behaviour towards the land and other non-human life forms? Ecocritics ask questions such as: Greg Garrard has dubbed 'pastoral ecology' the notion that nature undisturbed is balanced and harmonious,[13] while Dana Phillips has criticised the literary quality and scientific accuracy of nature writing in The Truth of Ecology. 3. << /Size 66 /Root 26 0 R /Prev 345596 /Info 24 0 R >> Collom taught an influential Eco-Lit course at Naropa University in Boulder, Colorado, for nearly two decades. 0000000010 00000 n 29 0 obj Such anthropocentrism is identified in the tragic conception of a hero whose moral struggles are more important than mere biological survival, whereas the science of animal ethology, Meeker asserts, shows that a "comic mode" of muddling through and "making love not war" has superior ecological value. This third phase also include feminist ideas, further activism with regard to environmental issues, and a global emphasis that reaches beyond regions and borders and extends throughout the world. "Postcolonial Studies and Ecocriticism" (with Hans-Georg Erney), Literature and Environment, the Long View: Thoughts from the Founders of ASLE, On the Margins of Ecocriticism: A European Perspective, Global Warming, Globalization, and Environmental Literary History. ", Association for the Study of Literature and Environment, "What is ecocriticism? 0000073516 00000 n 0000000016 00000 n 1 0 obj (1) How is nature represented in the novel/poem/play ? 0000045735 00000 n Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Ecocriticism was officially heralded by the publication of two seminal works, both published in the mid-1990s: The Ecocriticism Reader, edited by Cheryll Glotfelty and Harold Fromm, and The Environmental Imagination, by Lawrence Buell. 4 0 obj stream (2) What role does the physical-geographical setting play in the structure of the novel? from Signum University. environment has developed to a certain stage" [7]. [10] This echoes the functional approach of the cultural ecology branch of ecocriticism, which analyzes the analogies between ecosystems and imaginative texts and posits that such texts potentially have an ecological (regenerative, revitalizing) function in the cultural system. However, because there was no organized movement to study the ecological/environmental side of literature, these important works were scattered and categorized under a litany of different subject headings: pastoralism, human ecology, regionalism, American Studies etc. Start your 48-hour free trial to get access to more than 30,000 additional guides and more than 350,000 Homework Help questions answered by our experts. At its heart is the conviction both that we are living in a time of ecological crisis that requires us to reassess with some urgency our modes of being in the world and that our cultural perceptions of nature and the human, and the relationship between the two, have to a large degree been responsible for these damaging modes of being. B.A. The emergence of ecocriticism in British literary criticism is usually dated to the publication in 1991 of Romantic Ecology: Wordsworth and the Environmental Tradition by Jonathan Bate. It is available as an inexpensive paperback. 0000002759 00000 n Texts, Animals, Environments: Zoopoetics and Ecopoetics, Frederike Middelhoff, Sebastian Schnbeck, Connotations - A Journal for Critical Debate. Latest answer posted July 01, 2021 at 5:20:56 PM. More counter-voices are regularly being raised against the existing Anglo-American canon of ecocriticism and the ecocriticis want to study literature in an iternationally relative and comparative framework (Murphy 58) . Because it is in the wilderness we may renew ourselves. << /Type /Font /Subtype /CIDFontType2 /DW 777 /W [ 3 [ 250 333 408 500 500 833 ] 10 [ 180 333 333 500 563 250 333 250 277 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 277 277 563 563 563 443 920 722 666 666 722 610 556 722 722 333 389 722 610 889 722 722 556 722 666 556 610 722 722 943 722 722 610 333 277 333 469 500 333 443 500 443 500 443 333 500 500 277 277 500 277 ] 81 [ 500 500 500 500 333 389 277 500 500 722 500 500 443 479 200 479 541 722 722 666 610 722 722 722 443 443 443 443 443 443 443 443 443 443 443 277 277 277 277 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 399 500 500 500 350 453 500 759 759 979 333 333 548 889 722 712 548 548 548 500 576 494 712 823 ] 156 [ 273 275 310 768 666 500 443 333 563 548 500 548 611 500 500 1000 722 722 722 889 722 500 1000 443 443 333 333 548 494 500 722 166 500 333 333 556 556 500 250 333 443 1000 722 610 722 610 610 333 333 333 333 722 722 722 722 722 722 277 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 610 277 556 389 610 443 200 722 500 722 500 556 500 563 563 299 299 299 750 750 750 500 722 500 333 556 389 666 443 666 443 500 500 333 722 443 722 443 722 646 722 610 443 610 443 610 277 610 406 610 343 722 500 722 500 722 500 666 333 666 333 556 389 610 277 610 427 722 500 722 500 610 443 610 443 578 722 730 523 471 419 539 401 577 500 572 314 968 1000 500 1000 500 1000 500 500 979 722 563 600 563 604 604 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 708 729 604 1000 989 989 989 989 604 604 604 1020 1052 916 750 750 531 656 593 510 500 750 708 552 604 218 416 833 479 604 354 354 604 354 722 443 666 443 666 443 610 443 610 443 610 443 722 500 722 500 722 500 722 500 722 500 333 277 333 277 333 277 333 277 389 277 722 500 500 610 277 722 500 701 494 722 500 722 500 666 333 556 389 610 277 722 500 722 500 722 500 722 500 943 722 722 500 277 722 443 889 666 722 500 277 943 722 943 722 943 722 722 500 333 333 500 600 750 750 750 750 ] 495 [ 333 333 722 693 808 411 722 815 743 269 722 666 643 610 610 722 333 722 725 889 722 643 722 722 556 582 610 722 722 737 743 333 722 523 419 522 269 495 508 441 414 522 479 269 503 484 536 452 445 500 499 395 495 443 625 658 269 495 500 495 658 610 751 578 660 556 333 333 389 872 872 741 666 708 722 722 574 666 578 682 610 895 500 722 722 666 678 889 722 722 722 556 666 610 708 790 722 722 649 1008 1008 706 872 574 660 1027 666 443 508 472 410 508 443 690 395 535 535 485 499 632 535 500 535 500 443 437 500 647 500 535 502 770 770 517 671 456 429 747 459 443 482 410 429 389 277 277 277 727 723 500 485 500 535 450 351 1000 954 504 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 355 0 291 0 0 277 481 455 335 418 471 278 286 476 475 266 452 432 431 507 485 274 304 475 454 454 440 482 459 473 468 610 500 557 545 533 208 371 776 ] 710 [ 454 610 610 610 610 481 481 481 455 335 418 471 278 309 475 266 452 432 431 485 304 475 454 440 459 473 468 610 500 278 455 432 440 501 0 0 0 0 318 318 356 412 207 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 525 525 525 525 525 525 525 525 525 525 525 318 525 ] 776 [ 282 ] 778 [ 525 525 525 ] 799 [ 713 713 244 244 ] 807 [ 562 525 529 529 488 488 812 932 394 514 812 932 394 514 638 588 ] 839 [ 0 0 0 0 0 ] 846 [ 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 ] 862 [ 500 1000 ] 892 [ 318 318 ] 896 [ 412 207 229 207 229 432 432 207 229 638 588 244 244 207 229 713 713 244 244 282 375 713 713 244 244 713 713 244 244 562 525 529 529 562 525 529 529 562 525 529 529 337 337 337 337 488 488 488 488 821 821 530 530 821 821 530 530 1098 1098 846 846 1098 1098 846 846 581 581 581 581 581 581 581 581 543 450 525 394 543 450 525 394 788 788 267 262 581 581 267 262 601 601 394 394 506 506 207 207 337 337 394 394 525 525 244 244 282 375 450 394 432 432 638 588 638 588 244 244 543 600 543 600 543 600 543 600 ] 1130 [ 722 528 775 541 ] 1140 [ 0 ] 1146 [ 0 ] 1150 [ 512 750 750 ] 1170 [ 0 0 ] 1173 [ 0 ] 1188 [ 722 443 722 443 722 443 722 443 722 443 722 443 722 443 722 443 722 443 722 443 722 443 722 443 610 443 610 443 610 443 610 443 610 443 610 443 610 443 610 443 333 277 333 277 722 500 722 500 722 500 722 500 722 500 722 500 722 500 722 528 722 528 722 528 722 528 722 528 722 500 722 500 775 541 775 541 775 541 775 541 775 541 722 500 722 500 722 500 722 443 333 277 722 500 722 500 722 500 722 500 722 500 722 500 ] 1296 [ 578 410 895 690 666 485 666 485 722 535 722 500 722 500 722 500 649 502 649 500 722 443 722 500 713 244 ] 1324 [ 581 244 244 244 244 244 244 269 ] 1336 [ 0 207 0 0 207 229 207 ] 1344 [ 207 ] 1346 [ 207 ] 1348 [ 432 ] 1350 [ 432 ] 1352 [ 638 ] 1354 [ 713 713 244 244 713 713 244 244 713 713 244 244 713 ] 1370 [ 713 ] 1374 [ 713 713 244 244 713 713 244 244 562 ] 1386 [ 562 ] 1390 [ 562 525 529 529 562 525 529 529 562 ] 1402 [ 562 525 529 529 337 337 337 ] 1410 [ 337 ] 1412 [ 337 ] 1414 [ 337 337 337 337 337 337 337 ] 1422 [ 337 ] 1424 [ 488 488 488 ] 1428 [ 488 ] 1430 [ 488 ] 1432 [ 488 ] 1434 [ 488 ] 1436 [ 488 ] 1438 [ 488 ] 1440 [ 821 ] 1444 [ 821 ] 1448 [ 821 ] 1452 [ 1098 ] 1456 [ 1098 ] 1460 [ 581 ] 1462 [ 543 ] 1466 [ 788 788 ] 1471 [ 788 ] 1475 [ 788 788 267 262 788 ] 1483 [ 788 788 267 262 581 ] 1489 [ 581 ] 1491 [ 1155 ] 1495 [ 812 ] 1499 [ 601 ] 1503 [ 601 601 394 394 601 ] 1511 [ 812 ] 1515 [ 812 932 394 514 812 ] 1523 [ 812 932 394 514 812 ] 1531 [ 506 ] 1535 [ 506 ] 1539 [ 506 ] 1543 [ 506 ] 1547 [ 525 ] 1551 [ 525 525 525 525 525 ] 1559 [ 525 ] 1561 [ 562 ] 1565 [ 282 375 387 387 387 432 ] 1572 [ 432 432 432 432 432 432 432 432 432 432 432 ] 1584 [ 432 432 638 ] 1588 [ 638 ] 1592 [ 432 ] 1594 [ 638 588 244 244 638 ] 1600 [ 812 812 812 812 207 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1123 1084 0 0 0 0 0 0 193 370 0 0 600 0 0 0 821 ] 1632 [ 1098 ] 1636 [ 543 ] 1640 [ 412 337 282 244 320 ] 1652 [ 266 0 ] 1655 [ 533 ] 1674 [ 500 759 574 500 574 500 666 666 443 722 814 574 500 471 610 500 556 722 722 770 253 333 722 500 277 484 816 722 500 722 924 691 649 500 556 556 389 582 343 277 610 277 610 743 722 780 500 610 443 539 539 443 443 500 500 443 421 500 200 280 249 333 1333 1166 943 1000 888 555 1111 1000 ] 1745 [ 443 722 443 ] 1749 [ 722 443 889 666 722 500 722 500 722 500 722 500 722 500 539 443 277 1333 1166 943 722 500 949 560 722 500 722 443 722 443 610 443 610 443 333 277 333 277 722 500 722 500 666 333 666 333 722 500 722 500 556 389 610 277 562 395 722 500 649 603 500 610 443 722 443 610 443 722 500 ] 1819 [ 722 500 722 500 722 500 722 500 443 522 522 500 443 443 500 500 443 626 419 419 587 442 333 500 500 453 500 443 500 500 500 277 269 277 277 277 277 577 ] 1860 [ 500 500 497 500 629 658 553 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 487 487 389 333 333 436 333 277 277 500 548 469 500 722 500 492 443 495 443 443 443 443 443 443 722 472 442 453 535 277 500 429 500 443 443 802 844 853 564 459 648 787 565 559 514 480 321 321 155 217 217 217 293 428 296 218 365 333 333 333 333 333 248 248 563 563 563 563 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 277 277 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 381 292 166 212 289 248 382 382 382 382 382 333 333 333 333 443 ] 2114 [ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 333 333 508 495 722 890 722 526 658 560 722 500 666 419 556 446 575 451 731 553 828 ] 2228 [ 615 520 661 443 541 541 656 581 699 508 475 385 560 508 443 277 722 404 404 610 722 443 535 1172 633 670 542 967 677 722 589 1032 833 895 690 1208 935 500 395 737 625 722 500 813 588 813 588 1095 879 762 565 1212 791 ] 2282 [ 1172 633 666 443 333 0 0 0 0 0 0 722 535 574 470 556 500 631 515 500 395 666 485 785 573 850 623 1032 789 666 443 666 443 610 437 796 603 649 502 878 546 878 546 333 895 690 666 515 678 499 722 535 722 535 649 502 889 632 ] 2341 [ 722 443 722 443 889 666 610 443 722 443 895 690 500 395 500 443 722 535 722 535 722 500 722 500 660 429 708 500 708 500 708 500 649 502 872 671 574 500 803 770 802 705 573 452 906 751 949 787 722 453 695 601 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ] 2431 [ 722 443 666 500 666 500 666 500 666 443 722 500 722 500 722 500 722 500 722 500 610 443 610 443 610 443 610 443 610 443 556 333 722 500 722 500 722 500 722 500 722 500 722 500 333 277 333 277 722 500 722 500 722 500 610 277 610 277 610 277 610 277 889 ] 2495 [ 889 ] 2497 [ 889 ] 2499 [ 722 500 722 500 722 500 722 500 722 500 722 500 722 500 722 500 556 500 556 500 666 333 666 333 666 333 666 333 556 389 556 389 556 389 556 389 556 389 610 277 610 277 610 277 610 277 722 500 722 500 722 500 722 500 722 500 722 500 722 500 943 722 943 722 722 500 722 500 722 500 610 443 610 443 610 443 500 277 722 500 443 277 523 523 523 523 523 523 523 523 722 722 791 791 791 791 791 791 419 419 419 419 419 419 748 748 904 904 904 904 522 522 522 522 522 522 522 522 859 859 1015 1015 1015 1015 1015 1015 269 269 269 269 269 269 269 269 470 470 626 626 626 626 626 626 500 500 500 500 500 500 791 791 996 996 898 898 495 495 495 495 495 495 495 495 859 1020 1020 1020 658 658 658 658 658 658 658 658 812 812 997 997 929 929 929 929 523 523 419 419 522 522 269 269 500 500 495 495 658 658 523 523 523 523 523 523 523 523 722 722 791 791 791 791 791 791 522 522 522 522 522 522 522 522 859 859 1015 1015 1015 1015 1015 1015 658 658 658 658 658 658 658 658 812 812 997 997 929 929 929 929 523 523 523 523 523 523 523 722 722 722 722 722 333 333 333 333 333 522 522 522 522 522 748 759 859 870 722 333 333 333 269 269 269 269 269 269 333 333 470 481 333 333 333 495 495 495 495 499 499 495 495 722 722 879 899 693 333 333 333 658 658 658 658 658 850 772 861 774 743 333 333 616 666 666 ] 2818 [ 722 1101 943 722 610 1000 500 594 0 0 0 0 ] 2831 [ 277 500 556 500 277 500 316 624 615 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 277 333 333 333 333 397 397 333 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 556 500 502 645 666 464 478 524 524 444 395 277 296 539 444 632 535 500 478 541 537 541 722 436 500 500 456 459 459 437 537 504 654 504 500 722 443 395 397 538 410 500 535 456 528 499 421 538 386 386 429 370 370 432 440 199 246 458 371 540 462 440 417 335 331 409 362 453 553 273 273 313 390 309 311 256 256 241 241 300 163 315 488 281 288 255 288 288 311 191 327 305 488 293 318 282 265 270 334 282 163 229 327 293 282 265 295 334 282 936 1299 438 1272 656 238 543 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ] 2993 [ 337 ] 2995 [ 488 ] 2999 [ 450 ] 3001 [ 627 565 617 579 578 653 615 646 563 ] 3013 [ 500 443 416 ] 3020 [ 792 1221 500 1000 500 1000 333 250 166 500 250 200 83 0 666 889 632 760 773 772 722 666 500 610 610 389 443 533 0 0 0 0 0 499 666 666 666 578 410 0 0 0 304 0 262 289 0 0 0 0 0 0 ] 3073 [ 713 ] 3077 [ 713 ] 3081 [ 713 ] 3085 [ 713 ] 3089 [ 713 ] 3093 [ 713 ] 3097 [ 713 ] 3101 [ 562 ] 3105 [ 562 ] 3109 [ 337 ] 3111 [ 337 ] 3113 [ 488 ] 3115 [ 821 ] 3119 [ 543 ] 3123 [ 543 ] 3127 [ 543 ] 3131 [ 788 ] 3135 [ 788 ] 3139 [ 812 ] 3143 [ 812 ] 3147 [ 812 ] 3151 [ 337 ] 3155 [ 337 ] 3159 [ 525 ] 3163 [ 525 ] 3167 [ 525 ] 3171 [ 506 ] 3175 [ 488 ] 3177 [ 488 ] 3179 [ 821 ] 3183 [ 500 500 333 ] 3187 [ 500 500 333 333 389 277 443 500 323 471 766 277 269 500 537 548 500 500 333 596 500 277 ] 3210 [ 500 500 333 389 424 500 500 443 443 522 500 443 419 419 443 277 443 439 500 443 313 255 255 287 241 208 208 266 321 163 182 164 164 192 163 163 270 447 488 327 327 321 288 320 212 215 191 327 316 325 290 293 273 273 303 265 269 0 0 0 0 277 273 256 288 290 256 722 722 556 666 333 ] 3316 [ 397 666 722 725 610 443 389 277 702 500 666 333 722 500 443 443 443 277 578 410 722 500 722 500 500 395 678 499 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 881 416 443 610 277 610 556 666 443 277 722 500 722 500 610 443 471 659 504 577 0 0 0 0 0 0 ] 3393 [ 0 722 500 943 722 713 0 723 596 998 823 277 368 180 180 500 500 333 333 333 333 0 ] 3422 [ 610 500 ] 3445 [ 604 847 832 ] 3682 [ 615 615 755 604 735 ] 3710 [ 562 ] 3714 [ 562 ] 3718 [ 821 ] 3722 [ 488 ] 3724 [ 562 ] 3728 [ 207 ] 3730 [ 207 ] 3732 [ 638 ] 3736 [ 638 ] 3740 [ 638 ] 3744 [ 432 ] 3746 [ 432 ] 3748 [ 812 ] 3750 [ 812 ] 3752 [ 562 ] 3756 [ 821 ] 3760 [ 821 ] 3764 [ 601 ] 3772 [ 919 731 ] 3775 [ 634 1483 0 0 0 0 0 638 ] 3786 [ 812 ] 3790 [ 812 ] 3794 [ 638 ] 3798 [ 638 ] 3802 [ 638 ] 3806 [ 207 551 413 610 437 722 542 660 443 1299 500 500 1030 714 818 689 937 707 666 539 953 764 996 799 722 535 649 500 333 333 471 854 526 541 496 650 548 889 722 723 571 333 500 444 155 500 556 610 ] 3860 [ 207 207 207 229 207 207 207 207 289 207 207 207 207 207 207 207 207 207 207 207 244 244 244 244 244 272 244 199 343 343 500 754 695 746 760 697 706 636 716 895 761 672 543 932 729 719 574 726 746 719 812 690 719 690 718 696 848 712 807 718 764 647 672 690 561 780 812 738 788 199 249 166 120 207 242 557 ] 3937 [ 499 541 560 520 510 432 509 642 554 514 232 779 523 514 519 510 530 529 531 251 514 391 531 284 772 446 534 511 511 ] 3967 [ 509 506 388 776 519 520 689 649 277 369 934 934 760 1045 1052 1045 1026 1310 364 364 519 519 638 638 638 638 638 638 638 638 562 562 486 562 562 486 713 ] 4007 [ 562 ] 4011 [ 581 ] 4015 [ 788 ] 4019 [ 581 ] 4023 [ 506 ] 4027 [ 337 ] 4031 [ 638 ] 4035 [ 638 ] 4039 [ 464 ] 4041 [ 432 ] 4043 [ 427 ] 4045 [ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ] 4074 [ 0 ] 4093 [ 318 ] 4097 [ 0 500 ] 4100 [ 1000 0 ] 4103 [ 713 ] 4107 [ 170 337 ] 4110 [ 1098 ] 4114 [ 812 ] 4118 [ 282 ] 4120 [ 488 ] 4122 [ 0 389 716 550 1397 1022 665 502 678 499 682 715 574 652 ] ] /CIDSystemInfo << /Registry (Adobe) /Ordering (Identity) /Supplement 0 >> /BaseFont /FONTAC+TimesNewRomanPSMT /FontDescriptor 40 0 R >>
